{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4399731673","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24123926","title":"A Compact, Low-Cost, and Low-Power Turbidity Sensor for Continuous In Situ Stormwater Monitoring","display_name":"A Compact, Low-Cost, and Low-Power Turbidity Sensor for Continuous In Situ Stormwater Monitoring","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-06-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4399731673","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24123926","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38931710"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24123926","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24123926","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/12/3926/pdf?version=1718636407","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/12/3926/pdf?version=1718636407","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071589205","display_name":"Miao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2049-295X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56590836","display_name":"Monash University","ror":"https://ror.org/02bfwt286","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Melbourne 3800, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Melbourne 3800, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074448951","display_name":"Baiqian Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2097-1416"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56590836","display_name":"Monash University","ror":"https://ror.org/02bfwt286","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Baiqian Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Melbourne 3800, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Melbourne 3800, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025683677","display_name":"Stephen Catsamas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8967-5853"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56590836","display_name":"Monash University","ror":"https://ror.org/02bfwt286","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephen Catsamas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Melbourne 3800, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Melbourne 3800, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047257437","display_name":"Peter Kolotelo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0693-3509"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56590836","display_name":"Monash University","ror":"https://ror.org/02bfwt286","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Kolotelo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Melbourne 3800, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Melbourne 3800, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088297575","display_name":"David McCarthy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8845-6501"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I160993911","display_name":"Queensland University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03pnv4752","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160993911"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"David McCarthy","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, S Block, Level 7, S727, Brisbane 4000, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, S Block, Level 7, S727, Brisbane 4000, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I160993911"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5088297575"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I160993911"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":2.0737,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85546467,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"12","first_page":"3926","last_page":"3926"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12697","display_name":"Water Quality Monitoring Technologies","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12697","display_name":"Water Quality Monitoring Technologies","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.9925000071525574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11220","display_name":"Water Systems and Optimization","score":0.9842000007629395,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/turbidity","display_name":"Turbidity","score":0.8750953674316406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.6295533180236816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stormwater","display_name":"Stormwater","score":0.4379059076309204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.41531309485435486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.36303406953811646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.3539832830429077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface-runoff","display_name":"Surface runoff","score":0.07564437389373779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.06503760814666748}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64016661","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898574","display_name":"Turbidity","level":2,"score":0.8750953674316406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.6295533180236816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173051318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1421263","display_name":"Stormwater","level":3,"score":0.4379059076309204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.41531309485435486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.36303406953811646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3539832830429077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50477045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1444790","display_name":"Surface runoff","level":2,"score":0.07564437389373779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.06503760814666748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24123926","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24123926","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/12/3926/pdf?version=1718636407","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38931710","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38931710","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11207302","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11207302","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11207302/pdf/sensors-24-03926.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d8f17a6b6ab646baa1d0fc2fd550d0d9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d8f17a6b6ab646baa1d0fc2fd550d0d9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 24, Iss 12, p 3926 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24123926","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24123926","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/12/3926/pdf?version=1718636407","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6","score":0.5799999833106995,"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4399731673.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":62,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1512117440","https://openalex.org/W1602324162","https://openalex.org/W1970004043","https://openalex.org/W1970349893","https://openalex.org/W1971023055","https://openalex.org/W1981440291","https://openalex.org/W1990673274","https://openalex.org/W2010377115","https://openalex.org/W2020318385","https://openalex.org/W2020829698","https://openalex.org/W2034864802","https://openalex.org/W2039002972","https://openalex.org/W2040604178","https://openalex.org/W2051056968","https://openalex.org/W2073256825","https://openalex.org/W2087309216","https://openalex.org/W2095174285","https://openalex.org/W2096414486","https://openalex.org/W2122287461","https://openalex.org/W2127464636","https://openalex.org/W2138188700","https://openalex.org/W2144782722","https://openalex.org/W2145086238","https://openalex.org/W2173142338","https://openalex.org/W2193319217","https://openalex.org/W2394876026","https://openalex.org/W2524447690","https://openalex.org/W2552635855","https://openalex.org/W2597797985","https://openalex.org/W2750411879","https://openalex.org/W2766490937","https://openalex.org/W2776107129","https://openalex.org/W2792327752","https://openalex.org/W2793713137","https://openalex.org/W2795098431","https://openalex.org/W2796322481","https://openalex.org/W2800268481","https://openalex.org/W2800533663","https://openalex.org/W2803911154","https://openalex.org/W2879680718","https://openalex.org/W2892066260","https://openalex.org/W2897037895","https://openalex.org/W2911129571","https://openalex.org/W2944510289","https://openalex.org/W2952895615","https://openalex.org/W2953046794","https://openalex.org/W2987512756","https://openalex.org/W3009116658","https://openalex.org/W3014625587","https://openalex.org/W3049207415","https://openalex.org/W3105794579","https://openalex.org/W3109623020","https://openalex.org/W3116968517","https://openalex.org/W3138301854","https://openalex.org/W3158296522","https://openalex.org/W3193821899","https://openalex.org/W3214703971","https://openalex.org/W4213028537","https://openalex.org/W4213205762","https://openalex.org/W4384039118","https://openalex.org/W6699961648","https://openalex.org/W6908469824"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2936713214","https://openalex.org/W2356755667","https://openalex.org/W3208236762","https://openalex.org/W4304690685","https://openalex.org/W2488034869","https://openalex.org/W4360922838","https://openalex.org/W2376277560","https://openalex.org/W2995118919","https://openalex.org/W825462400","https://openalex.org/W4313406954"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Turbidity":[0],"stands":[1],"as":[2],"a":[3,119,124,128,144],"crucial":[4],"indicator":[5],"for":[6,43,165],"assessing":[7],"water":[8],"quality,":[9],"and":[10,31,70,73,87,98,127,151,174],"while":[11],"turbidity":[12,29,37,111,116,148],"sensors":[13,159],"exist,":[14],"their":[15,19],"high":[16,57],"cost":[17,50],"prohibits":[18],"extensive":[20],"use.":[21],"In":[22,132],"this":[23],"paper,":[24],"we":[25],"introduce":[26],"an":[27],"innovative":[28],"sensor,":[30],"it":[32],"is":[33,40,65,78],"the":[34,54,74,96,100,104,107,113,133,135,158,163,185,193],"first":[35],"low-cost":[36,115,125,136,186],"sensor":[38,63,76,91,105,117,126,137,187],"that":[39,171],"designed":[41],"specifically":[42],"long-term":[44],"stormwater":[45],"in-field":[46],"monitoring.":[47,178],"Its":[48],"low":[49],"(USD":[51],"23.50)":[52],"enables":[53],"implementation":[55],"of":[56,182],"spatial":[58],"resolution":[59],"monitoring":[60,85],"schemes.":[61],"The":[62,90],"design":[64],"available":[66],"under":[67],"open":[68],"hardware":[69],"open-source":[71],"licences,":[72],"3D-printed":[75],"housing":[77],"free":[79],"to":[80,143,192],"modify":[81],"based":[82],"on":[83],"different":[84],"purposes":[86],"ambient":[88],"conditions.":[89],"was":[92],"tested":[93],"both":[94,172],"in":[95,99,106,162,180],"laboratory":[97],"field.":[101],"By":[102],"testing":[103],"lab":[108],"with":[109],"standard":[110,145],"solutions,":[112],"proposed":[114],"demonstrated":[118],"strong":[120],"linear":[121],"correlation":[122],"between":[123],"commercial":[129,147],"hand-held":[130],"turbidimeter.":[131],"field,":[134],"measurements":[138],"were":[139,154,160],"statistically":[140],"significantly":[141],"correlated":[142],"high-cost":[146],"sensor.":[149,195],"Biofouling":[150],"drifting":[152],"issues":[153],"also":[155],"analysed":[156],"after":[157],"deployed":[161],"field":[164],"more":[166],"than":[167],"6":[168],"months,":[169],"showing":[170],"biofouling":[173],"drift":[175],"occur":[176],"during":[177],"Nonetheless,":[179],"terms":[181],"maintenance":[183],"requirements,":[184],"exhibited":[188],"similar":[189],"needs":[190],"compared":[191],"GreenSpan":[194]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-18T14:38:29.013473","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
