{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4399745366","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24123887","title":"The Highly Sensitive Refractive Index Sensing of Seawater Based on a Large Lateral Offset Mach\u2013Zehnder Interferometer","display_name":"The Highly Sensitive Refractive Index Sensing of Seawater Based on a Large Lateral Offset Mach\u2013Zehnder Interferometer","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-06-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4399745366","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24123887","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38931671"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24123887","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24123887","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/12/3887/pdf?version=1718444819","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/12/3887/pdf?version=1718444819","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101475347","display_name":"Jingwen Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7626-8519"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingwen Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Marine Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Marine Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100813151","display_name":"Yue Sun","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yue Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108111967","display_name":"Haodong Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8529-3051"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haodong Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100776608","display_name":"Haibin Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5483-8014"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haibin Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065213671","display_name":"Yuye Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2803-2509"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yuye Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2803-2509","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019424852","display_name":"Junfeng Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0393-8451"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junfeng Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0393-8451","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110760217","display_name":"Degang Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6903-0521"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Degang Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100680074","display_name":"Jianquan Yao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3105-4370"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianquan Yao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5065213671","https://openalex.org/A5110760217"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.9039,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85902537,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"12","first_page":"3887","last_page":"3887"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10205","display_name":"Advanced Fiber Optic Sensors","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10205","display_name":"Advanced Fiber Optic Sensors","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11472","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry and Sensors","score":0.9943000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1502","display_name":"Bioengineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/15","display_name":"Chemical Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/refractive-index","display_name":"Refractive index","score":0.7036254405975342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interferometry","display_name":"Interferometry","score":0.6985405683517456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.6713211536407471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/offset","display_name":"Offset (computer science)","score":0.6544039845466614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mach\u2013zehnder-interferometer","display_name":"Mach\u2013Zehnder interferometer","score":0.5975204706192017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.5713609457015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-mode-optical-fiber","display_name":"Multi-mode optical fiber","score":0.5655686855316162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extinction-ratio","display_name":"Extinction ratio","score":0.5404025912284851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-fiber","display_name":"Optical fiber","score":0.5011558532714844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fiber-optic-sensor","display_name":"Fiber optic sensor","score":0.49085360765457153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavelength","display_name":"Wavelength","score":0.47114911675453186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/single-mode-optical-fiber","display_name":"Single-mode optical fiber","score":0.4257959723472595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interference","display_name":"Interference (communication)","score":0.4136534035205841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.27743780612945557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.17527350783348083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.14325720071792603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.06953969597816467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.06867030262947083}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42067758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174102","display_name":"Refractive index","level":2,"score":0.7036254405975342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166689943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q850283","display_name":"Interferometry","level":2,"score":0.6985405683517456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.6713211536407471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175291020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1156822","display_name":"Offset (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.6544039845466614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12296473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q621727","display_name":"Mach\u2013Zehnder interferometer","level":3,"score":0.5975204706192017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.5713609457015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101645829","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1781857","display_name":"Multi-mode optical fiber","level":3,"score":0.5655686855316162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96137627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1385099","display_name":"Extinction ratio","level":3,"score":0.5404025912284851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194232370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162","display_name":"Optical fiber","level":2,"score":0.5011558532714844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21651689","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1397427","display_name":"Fiber optic sensor","level":3,"score":0.49085360765457153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6260449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41364","display_name":"Wavelength","level":2,"score":0.47114911675453186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180861198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503585","display_name":"Single-mode optical fiber","level":3,"score":0.4257959723472595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32022120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225","display_name":"Interference (communication)","level":3,"score":0.4136534035205841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.27743780612945557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.17527350783348083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.14325720071792603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.06953969597816467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.06867030262947083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24123887","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24123887","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/12/3887/pdf?version=1718444819","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38931671","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38931671","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11207972","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11207972","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11207972/pdf/sensors-24-03887.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f8cbfaba40414977aee45180ec98cfbc","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f8cbfaba40414977aee45180ec98cfbc","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 24, Iss 12, p 3887 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24123887","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24123887","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/12/3887/pdf?version=1718444819","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life below water","score":0.8700000047683716,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4399745366.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1977650077","https://openalex.org/W1991346329","https://openalex.org/W2021082829","https://openalex.org/W2117571129","https://openalex.org/W2129142457","https://openalex.org/W2139657187","https://openalex.org/W2483814449","https://openalex.org/W2525832574","https://openalex.org/W2592010111","https://openalex.org/W2765919969","https://openalex.org/W2783640740","https://openalex.org/W2809272637","https://openalex.org/W2887793334","https://openalex.org/W2901162356","https://openalex.org/W2904020421","https://openalex.org/W2909329887","https://openalex.org/W2914316258","https://openalex.org/W2921350391","https://openalex.org/W2981324060","https://openalex.org/W3021842150","https://openalex.org/W3034282821","https://openalex.org/W3089285734","https://openalex.org/W3095040832","https://openalex.org/W3136930422","https://openalex.org/W3160899796","https://openalex.org/W3215536632","https://openalex.org/W4225808278","https://openalex.org/W4285802442","https://openalex.org/W4289516313","https://openalex.org/W4293457050","https://openalex.org/W4313430786","https://openalex.org/W4313581983","https://openalex.org/W4320918877"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2901885439","https://openalex.org/W2143577535","https://openalex.org/W2916264939","https://openalex.org/W2065369828","https://openalex.org/W2581059414","https://openalex.org/W2075740174","https://openalex.org/W2073098755","https://openalex.org/W2782981765","https://openalex.org/W1982941671","https://openalex.org/W2567745884"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"novel":[1],"fiber":[2,25,27,29,49,56],"sensor":[3,20,89,139],"for":[4,154],"the":[5,43,54,70,78,83,94,121,131,134,138,155,158],"refractive":[6,95,122],"index":[7,96,123],"sensing":[8],"of":[9,22,46,53,73,97,100,125,133,151,157],"seawater":[10,107],"based":[11,129],"on":[12,130],"a":[13,23,37,47,85,141],"Mach-Zehnder":[14],"interferometer":[15],"has":[16],"been":[17],"demonstrated.":[18],"The":[19,109],"consisted":[21],"single-mode":[24],"(SMF)-no-core":[26],"(NCF)-single-mode":[28],"structure":[30],"(shortened":[31],"to":[32,68,92,105,114,127],"an":[33,149],"SNS":[34,59],"structure)":[35],"with":[36,148],"large":[38,86],"lateral":[39,87],"offset":[40,58,64,88],"spliced":[41],"between":[42],"two":[44],"sections":[45],"multimode":[48,55],"(MMF).":[50],"Optimization":[51],"studies":[52],"length,":[57,60],"and":[61,76,117,145],"vertical":[62],"axial":[63],"distance":[65],"were":[66,103],"performed":[67],"improve":[69],"coupling":[71],"efficiency":[72],"interference":[74,135,159],"light":[75],"achieve":[77],"best":[79],"extinction":[80],"ratio.":[81],"In":[82],"experiment,":[84],"was":[90,112],"prepared":[91],"detect":[93],"various":[98],"ratios":[99],"saltwater,":[101],"which":[102],"used":[104],"simulate":[106],"environments.":[108],"sensor's":[110],"sensitivity":[111],"up":[113],"-13,703.63":[115],"nm/RIU":[116,119],"-13,160":[118],"in":[120,160],"range":[124],"1.3370":[126],"1.3410":[128],"shift":[132],"spectrum.":[136],"Moreover,":[137],"showed":[140],"good":[142],"linear":[143],"response":[144],"high":[146],"stability,":[147],"RSD":[150],"only":[152],"0.0089%":[153],"trough":[156],"air":[161],"over":[162],"1":[163],"h.":[164]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}