{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4399495300","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24123754","title":"Ultra-Wide Band Radar Empowered Driver Drowsiness Detection with Convolutional Spatial Feature Engineering and Artificial Intelligence","display_name":"Ultra-Wide Band Radar Empowered Driver Drowsiness Detection with Convolutional Spatial Feature Engineering and Artificial Intelligence","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-06-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4399495300","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24123754","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38931541"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24123754","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24123754","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/12/3754/pdf?version=1717923390","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/12/3754/pdf?version=1717923390","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033845854","display_name":"Hafeez Ur Rehman Siddiqui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0671-2060"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210102737","display_name":"Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0161dyt30","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210102737"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hafeez Ur Rehman Siddiqui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Computer Science, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Abu Dhabi Road, Rahim Yar Khan 64200, Punjab, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0671-2060","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computer Science, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Abu Dhabi Road, Rahim Yar Khan 64200, Punjab, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210102737"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5099076359","display_name":"Ambreen Akmal","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210102737","display_name":"Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0161dyt30","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210102737"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ambreen Akmal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Computer Science, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Abu Dhabi Road, Rahim Yar Khan 64200, Punjab, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computer Science, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Abu Dhabi Road, Rahim Yar Khan 64200, Punjab, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210102737"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075606029","display_name":"Muhammad Iqbal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9587-3311"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210102737","display_name":"Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0161dyt30","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210102737"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Iqbal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Computer and Software Engineering, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan 64200, Punjab, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9587-3311","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computer and Software Engineering, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan 64200, Punjab, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210102737"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029811891","display_name":"Adil Ali Saleem","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2468-8471"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210102737","display_name":"Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0161dyt30","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210102737"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adil Ali Saleem","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Computer Science, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Abu Dhabi Road, Rahim Yar Khan 64200, Punjab, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2468-8471","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computer Science, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Abu Dhabi Road, Rahim Yar Khan 64200, Punjab, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210102737"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054076558","display_name":"Muhammad Amjad Raza","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8881-1307"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210102737","display_name":"Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0161dyt30","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210102737"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Amjad Raza","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Computer Science, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Abu Dhabi Road, Rahim Yar Khan 64200, Punjab, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8881-1307","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computer Science, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Abu Dhabi Road, Rahim Yar Khan 64200, Punjab, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210102737"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047604871","display_name":"Kainat Zafar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210102737","display_name":"Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0161dyt30","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210102737"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kainat Zafar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Computer Science, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Abu Dhabi Road, Rahim Yar Khan 64200, Punjab, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computer Science, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Abu Dhabi Road, Rahim Yar Khan 64200, Punjab, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210102737"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113245974","display_name":"Aqsa Zaib","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210102737","display_name":"Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0161dyt30","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210102737"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aqsa Zaib","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Computer Science, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Abu Dhabi Road, Rahim Yar Khan 64200, Punjab, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computer Science, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Abu Dhabi Road, Rahim Yar Khan 64200, Punjab, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210102737"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072722978","display_name":"Sandra Dudley","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6431-5357"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28257850","display_name":"London South Bank University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vwnat91","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28257850"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sandra Dudley","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bioengineering Research Centre, School of Engineering, London South Bank University, 103 Borough Road, London SE1 0AA, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6431-5357","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bioengineering Research Centre, School of Engineering, London South Bank University, 103 Borough Road, London SE1 0AA, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28257850"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047744314","display_name":"Jon Arambarri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6450-8562"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205571821","display_name":"Ibero American University","ror":"https://ror.org/05vss7635","country_code":"MX","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205571821"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210097234","display_name":"Universidad Internacional","ror":"https://ror.org/00cxp1a86","country_code":"MX","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097234"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387154151","display_name":"Universidade Internacional do Cuanza","ror":"https://ror.org/04t45q150","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387154151"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387155940","display_name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Universitaria Internacional de Colombia","ror":"https://ror.org/027hbqy23","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387155940"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87806610","display_name":"Ibero-American University Puebla","ror":"https://ror.org/00pcv0g02","country_code":"MX","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87806610"]}],"countries":["MX"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jon Arambarri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fundaci\u00f3n Universitaria Internacional de Colombia, Bogot\u00e1 111321, Colombia","Universidad Internacional Iberoamericana, Campeche 24560, Mexico","Universidade Internacional do Cuanza, Cuito EN250, Angola"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fundaci\u00f3n Universitaria Internacional de Colombia, Bogot\u00e1 111321, Colombia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387155940"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universidad Internacional Iberoamericana, Campeche 24560, Mexico","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210097234","https://openalex.org/I87806610","https://openalex.org/I205571821"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universidade Internacional do Cuanza, Cuito EN250, Angola","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387154151"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045147274","display_name":"\u00c1ngel Kuc Castilla","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3447-3204"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128504","display_name":"Universidad Europea del Atl\u00e1ntico","ror":"https://ror.org/048tesw25","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128504"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166370","display_name":"Universidad La Rep\u00fablica","ror":"https://ror.org/05xs36f43","country_code":"CL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166370"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387154151","display_name":"Universidade Internacional do Cuanza","ror":"https://ror.org/04t45q150","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387154151"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391767878","display_name":"Universidad de la Romana","ror":"https://ror.org/051sm7d31","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4391767878"]}],"countries":["CL","ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"\u00c1ngel Kuc Castilla","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universidad Europea del Atl\u00e1ntico, Isabel Torres 21, 39011 Santander, Spain","Universidad de La Romana, La Romana 22000, Dominican Republic","Universidade Internacional do Cuanza, Cuito EN250, Angola"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universidad Europea del Atl\u00e1ntico, Isabel Torres 21, 39011 Santander, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128504"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universidad de La Romana, La Romana 22000, Dominican Republic","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166370","https://openalex.org/I4391767878"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universidade Internacional do Cuanza, Cuito EN250, Angola","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387154151"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058941449","display_name":"Furqan Rustam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8403-1047"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I104546213","display_name":"National College of Ireland","ror":"https://ror.org/02qzs9336","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I104546213"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Furqan Rustam","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, National College of Ireland, Dublin D01 K6W2, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8403-1047","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, National College of Ireland, Dublin D01 K6W2, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I104546213"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":6,"institutions_distinct_count":11,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5033845854","https://openalex.org/A5058941449"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I104546213","https://openalex.org/I4210102737"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":3.2747,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91957233,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"12","first_page":"3754","last_page":"3754"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11373","display_name":"Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11373","display_name":"Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9753999710083008,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12406","display_name":"IoT and GPS-based Vehicle Safety Systems","score":0.9336000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.7769732475280762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7237383127212524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.7112435102462769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6947938799858093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5544009804725647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5047403573989868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4809831380844116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.47217410802841187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.4444352686405182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.4285213351249695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4121996760368347}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.7769732475280762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7237383127212524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.7112435102462769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6947938799858093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5544009804725647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5047403573989868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4809831380844116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.47217410802841187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.4444352686405182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.4285213351249695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4121996760368347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001334","descriptor_name":"Automobile Driving","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001334","descriptor_name":"Automobile Driving","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001334","descriptor_name":"Automobile Driving","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001334","descriptor_name":"Automobile Driving","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011825","descriptor_name":"Radar","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011825","descriptor_name":"Radar","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011825","descriptor_name":"Radar","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011825","descriptor_name":"Radar","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D060388","descriptor_name":"Support Vector Machine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D060388","descriptor_name":"Support Vector Machine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D060388","descriptor_name":"Support Vector Machine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D060388","descriptor_name":"Support Vector Machine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24123754","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24123754","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/12/3754/pdf?version=1717923390","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38931541","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38931541","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:norma.ncirl.ie:7827","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400345","display_name":"TRAP@NCI (National College of Ireland)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I104546213","host_organization_name":"National College of Ireland","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I104546213"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11207316","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11207316","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11207316/pdf/sensors-24-03754.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:539e26284d844f859edce2f3f899ad24","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/539e26284d844f859edce2f3f899ad24","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 24, Iss 12, p 3754 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24123754","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24123754","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/12/3754/pdf?version=1717923390","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.4399999976158142,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4399495300.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":71,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1516128861","https://openalex.org/W1941948763","https://openalex.org/W1977210227","https://openalex.org/W2009736990","https://openalex.org/W2025623975","https://openalex.org/W2094737162","https://openalex.org/W2095023416","https://openalex.org/W2132919652","https://openalex.org/W2242980078","https://openalex.org/W2304370822","https://openalex.org/W2416715402","https://openalex.org/W2473974775","https://openalex.org/W2546090677","https://openalex.org/W2586636870","https://openalex.org/W2751088292","https://openalex.org/W2779412207","https://openalex.org/W2783742330","https://openalex.org/W2886857653","https://openalex.org/W2895422901","https://openalex.org/W2908578648","https://openalex.org/W2921821818","https://openalex.org/W2921925884","https://openalex.org/W2943947171","https://openalex.org/W2946783148","https://openalex.org/W2948593529","https://openalex.org/W2953832319","https://openalex.org/W3007820043","https://openalex.org/W3007888671","https://openalex.org/W3009612842","https://openalex.org/W3011438564","https://openalex.org/W3016949303","https://openalex.org/W3035608408","https://openalex.org/W3081995749","https://openalex.org/W3096831136","https://openalex.org/W3108252877","https://openalex.org/W3133223187","https://openalex.org/W3151715958","https://openalex.org/W3160929333","https://openalex.org/W3183706914","https://openalex.org/W3184071528","https://openalex.org/W3185415038","https://openalex.org/W3185724495","https://openalex.org/W3201296683","https://openalex.org/W3202376030","https://openalex.org/W3214484788","https://openalex.org/W3214662938","https://openalex.org/W4206083335","https://openalex.org/W4207012543","https://openalex.org/W4213265410","https://openalex.org/W4220818737","https://openalex.org/W4226106046","https://openalex.org/W4285280001","https://openalex.org/W4289278060","https://openalex.org/W4293724464","https://openalex.org/W4297473220","https://openalex.org/W4304633971","https://openalex.org/W4307062319","https://openalex.org/W4313459137","https://openalex.org/W4317740386","https://openalex.org/W4362605855","https://openalex.org/W4366375749","https://openalex.org/W4375851409","https://openalex.org/W4378191936","https://openalex.org/W4378976690","https://openalex.org/W4379874896","https://openalex.org/W4379931502","https://openalex.org/W4383371496","https://openalex.org/W4386524193","https://openalex.org/W4387959249","https://openalex.org/W6640595864","https://openalex.org/W6760726448"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3193043704","https://openalex.org/W4386259002","https://openalex.org/W1546989560","https://openalex.org/W3171520305","https://openalex.org/W4200112873","https://openalex.org/W2955796858","https://openalex.org/W4224941037","https://openalex.org/W2004826645","https://openalex.org/W4372048956","https://openalex.org/W2889302474"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Driving":[0],"while":[1],"drowsy":[2],"poses":[3],"significant":[4,162],"risks,":[5],"including":[6],"reduced":[7],"cognitive":[8],"function":[9],"and":[10,45,59,85,111,126,155],"the":[11,54,65,78,95,143,181,185],"potential":[12],"for":[13,57,176],"accidents,":[14],"which":[15,121],"can":[16,34],"lead":[17],"to":[18,42,52,63,109],"severe":[19],"consequences":[20],"such":[21],"as":[22],"trauma,":[23],"economic":[24],"losses,":[25],"injuries,":[26],"or":[27],"death.":[28],"The":[29,117,164],"use":[30],"of":[31,38,67,140,153,159,191],"artificial":[32],"intelligence":[33],"enable":[35],"effective":[36],"detection":[37,62],"driver":[39,47],"drowsiness,":[40],"helping":[41],"prevent":[43],"accidents":[44],"enhance":[46],"performance.":[48],"This":[49],"research":[50],"aims":[51],"address":[53],"crucial":[55],"need":[56],"real-time":[58],"accurate":[60],"drowsiness":[61],"mitigate":[64],"impact":[66],"fatigue-related":[68],"accidents.":[69],"Leveraging":[70],"ultra-wideband":[71],"radar":[72],"data":[73],"collected":[74],"over":[75],"five":[76],"minutes,":[77],"dataset":[79,165],"was":[80,146],"segmented":[81],"into":[82,87],"one-minute":[83],"chunks":[84],"transformed":[86],"grayscale":[88],"images.":[89],"Spatial":[90],"features":[91,106],"are":[92],"retrieved":[93],"from":[94],"images":[96],"using":[97,130,168],"a":[98,131,149,156],"two-dimensional":[99],"Convolutional":[100],"Neural":[101],"Network.":[102],"Following":[103],"that,":[104],"these":[105],"were":[107],"used":[108],"train":[110],"test":[112],"multiple":[113],"machine":[114],"learning":[115],"classifiers.":[116],"ensemble":[118],"classifier":[119],"RF-XGB-SVM,":[120],"combines":[122],"Random":[123],"Forest,":[124],"XGBoost,":[125],"Support":[127],"Vector":[128],"Machine":[129],"hard":[132],"voting":[133],"criterion,":[134],"performed":[135],"admirably":[136],"with":[137,148,187],"an":[138,188],"accuracy":[139,189],"96.6%.":[141],"Additionally,":[142],"proposed":[144],"approach":[145],"validated":[147],"robust":[150],"k-fold":[151],"score":[152,190],"97%":[154],"standard":[157],"deviation":[158],"0.018,":[160],"demonstrating":[161],"results.":[163],"is":[166],"augmented":[167],"Generative":[169],"Adversarial":[170],"Networks,":[171],"resulting":[172],"in":[173],"improved":[174],"accuracies":[175],"all":[177],"models.":[178],"Among":[179],"them,":[180],"RF-XGB-SVM":[182],"model":[183],"outperformed":[184],"rest":[186],"99.58%.":[192]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}