{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4399292756","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24113575","title":"Two-Layered Multi-Factor Authentication Using Decentralized Blockchain in an IoT Environment","display_name":"Two-Layered Multi-Factor Authentication Using Decentralized Blockchain in an IoT Environment","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4399292756","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24113575","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38894368"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24113575","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24113575","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/11/3575/pdf?version=1717233609","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/11/3575/pdf?version=1717233609","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027979289","display_name":"Saeed Bamashmos","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196829312","display_name":"La Trobe University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxfrp27","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196829312"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Saeed Bamashmos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Melbourne 3086, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Melbourne 3086, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196829312"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033056152","display_name":"Naveen Chilamkurti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5396-8897"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196829312","display_name":"La Trobe University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxfrp27","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196829312"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Naveen Chilamkurti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Melbourne 3086, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5396-8897","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Melbourne 3086, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196829312"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010636899","display_name":"Ahmad Salehi Shahraki","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2115-6269"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196829312","display_name":"La Trobe University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxfrp27","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196829312"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmad Salehi Shahraki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Melbourne 3086, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Melbourne 3086, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196829312"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5027979289"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196829312"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":11.2104,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98290806,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"11","first_page":"3575","last_page":"3575"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9912999868392944,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7095327377319336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/password","display_name":"Password","score":0.6593083143234253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.6091175675392151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-authentication-algorithm","display_name":"Data Authentication Algorithm","score":0.5730557441711426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-factor-authentication","display_name":"Multi-factor authentication","score":0.5532618165016174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elliptic-curve-digital-signature-algorithm","display_name":"Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm","score":0.5354495048522949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/challenge\u2013response-authentication","display_name":"Challenge\u2013response authentication","score":0.49347054958343506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication-protocol","display_name":"Authentication protocol","score":0.4806731641292572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elliptic-curve-cryptography","display_name":"Elliptic curve cryptography","score":0.4706047475337982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lightweight-extensible-authentication-protocol","display_name":"Lightweight Extensible Authentication Protocol","score":0.4649782180786133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4541669487953186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-unclonable-function","display_name":"Physical unclonable function","score":0.4237830936908722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biometrics","display_name":"Biometrics","score":0.41892626881599426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3953495919704437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.3110092282295227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.19188028573989868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-key-cryptography","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","score":0.1796955168247223}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7095327377319336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109297577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161157","display_name":"Password","level":2,"score":0.6593083143234253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.6091175675392151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168970074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5227146","display_name":"Data Authentication Algorithm","level":4,"score":0.5730557441711426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194699767","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7878662","display_name":"Multi-factor authentication","level":4,"score":0.5532618165016174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197966572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q915079","display_name":"Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm","level":5,"score":0.5354495048522949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131129157","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059963","display_name":"Challenge\u2013response authentication","level":4,"score":0.49347054958343506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21564112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825885","display_name":"Authentication protocol","level":3,"score":0.4806731641292572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167615521","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1048911","display_name":"Elliptic curve cryptography","level":4,"score":0.4706047475337982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167169670","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1824705","display_name":"Lightweight Extensible Authentication Protocol","level":4,"score":0.4649782180786133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4541669487953186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8643368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4046262","display_name":"Physical unclonable function","level":3,"score":0.4237830936908722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184297639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177765","display_name":"Biometrics","level":2,"score":0.41892626881599426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3953495919704437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.3110092282295227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.19188028573989868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203062551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201339","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","level":3,"score":0.1796955168247223}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24113575","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24113575","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/11/3575/pdf?version=1717233609","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38894368","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38894368","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11175277","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11175277","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11175277/pdf/sensors-24-03575.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:doi:10.26181/26785573","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal contribution"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:527131af168e464494b4f40b903f7d3d","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/527131af168e464494b4f40b903f7d3d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 24, Iss 11, p 3575 (2024)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/24/11/3575/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24113575","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24113575","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24113575","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/11/3575/pdf?version=1717233609","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6499999761581421,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4399292756.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2529646228","https://openalex.org/W2573048514","https://openalex.org/W2605738864","https://openalex.org/W2608401028","https://openalex.org/W2732131698","https://openalex.org/W2792421194","https://openalex.org/W2801237935","https://openalex.org/W2803381513","https://openalex.org/W2808182497","https://openalex.org/W2810652557","https://openalex.org/W2883612868","https://openalex.org/W2888413717","https://openalex.org/W2890076025","https://openalex.org/W2908019062","https://openalex.org/W2912120935","https://openalex.org/W2912301472","https://openalex.org/W2913721591","https://openalex.org/W2921110403","https://openalex.org/W2922111521","https://openalex.org/W2930840275","https://openalex.org/W2936814630","https://openalex.org/W2954451104","https://openalex.org/W2956137728","https://openalex.org/W3091311015","https://openalex.org/W3132504896","https://openalex.org/W4213427233","https://openalex.org/W4226070699","https://openalex.org/W4315641876","https://openalex.org/W4368232621","https://openalex.org/W4379653980","https://openalex.org/W4385686669","https://openalex.org/W4386124384","https://openalex.org/W4386175165","https://openalex.org/W4387339248","https://openalex.org/W4388736350","https://openalex.org/W4389920467","https://openalex.org/W4390591076","https://openalex.org/W6732190867","https://openalex.org/W6754423956","https://openalex.org/W6764985325","https://openalex.org/W6855807671"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2050433615","https://openalex.org/W2093798919","https://openalex.org/W2907262898","https://openalex.org/W2390304521","https://openalex.org/W2393298610","https://openalex.org/W3043788631","https://openalex.org/W2584552228","https://openalex.org/W128488073","https://openalex.org/W2352114587","https://openalex.org/W2029011328"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Internet":[0],"of":[1,10,16,23,77],"Things":[2],"(IoT)":[3],"technology":[4],"is":[5,53,79],"evolving":[6],"over":[7],"the":[8,14,138,142,172,176],"peak":[9],"smart":[11],"infrastructure":[12],"with":[13,156],"participation":[15],"IoT":[17,26,39,69,81,112],"devices":[18,40,70],"in":[19],"a":[20,58,135],"wide":[21],"range":[22],"applications.":[24],"Traditional":[25],"authentication":[27,52,62,78,110,173,190],"methods":[28],"are":[29,41,101,115,154],"vulnerable":[30],"to":[31,34,67,170,194],"threats":[32],"due":[33],"wireless":[35],"data":[36],"transmission.":[37],"However,":[38],"resource-":[42],"and":[43,71,90,97,105,129,149,152,158,163,174,189,197,205],"energy-constrained,":[44],"so":[45],"building":[46],"lightweight":[47,104],"security":[48],"that":[49,84],"provides":[50],"stronger":[51],"essential.":[54],"This":[55],"paper":[56],"proposes":[57],"novel,":[59],"two-layered":[60],"multi-factor":[61],"(2L-MFA)":[63],"framework":[64],"using":[65],"blockchain":[66],"enhance":[68],"user":[72],"security.":[73],"The":[74,131,180],"first":[75,132],"level":[76,133,140],"for":[80,103,111],"devices,":[82],"one":[83],"considers":[85],"secret":[86],"keys,":[87],"geographical":[88],"location,":[89],"physically":[91],"unclonable":[92],"function":[93],"(PUF).":[94],"Proof-of-authentication":[95],"(PoAh)":[96],"elliptic":[98,143],"curve":[99,144],"Diffie-Hellman":[100],"followed":[102],"low":[106],"latency":[107],"support.":[108],"Second-level":[109],"users,":[113],"which":[114],"sub-categorized":[116],"into":[117],"four":[118],"levels,":[119],"each":[120],"defined":[121],"by":[122,192],"specific":[123],"factors":[124],"such":[125],"as":[126],"identity,":[127],"password,":[128],"biometrics.":[130],"involves":[134],"matrix-based":[136],"password;":[137],"second":[139],"utilizes":[141],"digital":[145],"signature":[146],"algorithm":[147],"(ECDSA);":[148],"levels":[150],"3":[151],"4":[153],"secured":[155],"iris":[157],"finger":[159],"vein,":[160],"providing":[161],"comprehensive":[162],"robust":[164],"authentication.":[165],"We":[166],"deployed":[167],"fuzzy":[168],"logic":[169],"validate":[171],"make":[175],"system":[177],"more":[178],"robust.":[179],"2L-MFA":[181],"model":[182],"significantly":[183],"improves":[184],"performance,":[185],"reducing":[186],"registration,":[187],"login,":[188],"times":[191],"up":[193],"25%,":[195,198],"50%,":[196],"respectively,":[199],"facilitating":[200],"quicker":[201],"cloud":[202],"access":[203],"post-authentication":[204],"enhancing":[206],"overall":[207],"efficiency.":[208]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13}],"updated_date":"2026-06-02T09:04:35.204637","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}