{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4399300209","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24113559","title":"Probabilistic Method to Fuse Artificial Intelligence-Generated Underground Utility Mapping","display_name":"Probabilistic Method to Fuse Artificial Intelligence-Generated Underground Utility Mapping","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-05-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4399300209","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24113559","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38894354"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24113559","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24113559","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/11/3559/pdf?version=1717207221","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/11/3559/pdf?version=1717207221","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079819335","display_name":"Kunle Sunday Oguntoye","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9993-3304"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173911158","display_name":"Iowa State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rswrd78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kunle Sunday Oguntoye","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9993-3304","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009338916","display_name":"Simon Laflamme","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0601-9664"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173911158","display_name":"Iowa State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rswrd78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Simon Laflamme","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0601-9664","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006220309","display_name":"Roy E. Sturgill","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0702-8351"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173911158","display_name":"Iowa State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rswrd78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roy Sturgill","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0702-8351","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102681196","display_name":"Daniel A. Salazar Martinez","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173911158","display_name":"Iowa State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rswrd78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel A. Salazar Martinez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039784330","display_name":"David J. Eisenmann","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173911158","display_name":"Iowa State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rswrd78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David J. Eisenmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086391442","display_name":"Anne Kimber","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173911158","display_name":"Iowa State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rswrd78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anne Kimber","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5079819335"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.9155,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71989939,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"11","first_page":"3559","last_page":"3559"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13689","display_name":"Underground infrastructure and sustainability","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11606","display_name":"Infrastructure Maintenance and Monitoring","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.7145835161209106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6580957174301147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuse","display_name":"Fuse (electrical)","score":0.529238224029541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.5281524658203125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.5130516290664673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensor-fusion","display_name":"Sensor fusion","score":0.47485116124153137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.43759065866470337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.21700403094291687}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.7145835161209106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6580957174301147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141353440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182221","display_name":"Fuse (electrical)","level":2,"score":0.529238224029541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.5281524658203125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.5130516290664673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.47485116124153137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.43759065866470337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.21700403094291687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24113559","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24113559","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/11/3559/pdf?version=1717207221","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38894354","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38894354","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11175323","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11175323","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11175323/pdf/sensors-24-03559.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1fa245b6e85a443d8262e5bbd2369024","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1fa245b6e85a443d8262e5bbd2369024","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 24, Iss 11, p 3559 (2024)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dr.lib.iastate.edu:20.500.12876/kv7k1yRv","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dr.lib.iastate.edu/handle/20.500.12876/kv7k1yRv","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196104","display_name":"Iowa State University Digital Repository (Iowa State University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I173911158","host_organization_name":"Iowa State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24113559","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/24/11/3559/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24113559","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24113559","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24113559","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/11/3559/pdf?version=1717207221","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.6499999761581421,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3774062828","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"21-IEC-006","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311091","funder_display_name":"Iowa Energy Center"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311091","display_name":"Iowa Energy Center","ror":"https://ror.org/04rswrd78"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4399300209.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W49786194","https://openalex.org/W1569383561","https://openalex.org/W1970385691","https://openalex.org/W1988218346","https://openalex.org/W1988984867","https://openalex.org/W1990365524","https://openalex.org/W2008655310","https://openalex.org/W2016753842","https://openalex.org/W2100665973","https://openalex.org/W2188864443","https://openalex.org/W2462693528","https://openalex.org/W2478035166","https://openalex.org/W2790232858","https://openalex.org/W2953823886","https://openalex.org/W2968210635","https://openalex.org/W2976401828","https://openalex.org/W2998340687","https://openalex.org/W3008016306","https://openalex.org/W3028207444","https://openalex.org/W4288084539","https://openalex.org/W4367298828","https://openalex.org/W6647323349","https://openalex.org/W6721040210","https://openalex.org/W6772450821"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3000097931","https://openalex.org/W2354322770","https://openalex.org/W4237547500","https://openalex.org/W1570848052","https://openalex.org/W2373192430","https://openalex.org/W4239268388","https://openalex.org/W4243305035","https://openalex.org/W1537496349","https://openalex.org/W2379407973","https://openalex.org/W2163814182"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Utility":[0],"as-built":[1,41,125,299],"plans,":[2],"which":[3],"typically":[4],"provide":[5],"information":[6,73,285],"about":[7],"underground":[8,50],"utilities'":[9],"position":[10],"and":[11,43,62,83,103,178,201],"spatial":[12],"locations,":[13],"are":[14,91],"known":[15],"to":[16,38,68,172,236,263,282],"comprise":[17],"inaccuracies.":[18],"Over":[19],"the":[20,22,45,78,97,154,182,185,204,214,245,256,276,280,287,295],"years,":[21],"reliance":[23],"on":[24],"utility":[25,40,51,60,105,165,170,173,188,194,219,229,246,261,298],"investigations":[26,262],"using":[27,206],"an":[28,36,119],"array":[29],"of":[30,48,99,132,149,184,217,258,272,279,289,297],"sensing":[31],"equipment":[32],"has":[33,65],"increased":[34],"in":[35,71,80,221],"attempt":[37],"resolve":[39],"inaccuracies":[42],"mitigate":[44],"high":[46,133],"rate":[47],"accidental":[49],"strikes":[52],"during":[53],"excavation":[54],"activities.":[55],"Adapting":[56],"data":[57,81,100,117,200],"fusion":[58,183],"into":[59],"engineering":[61],"investigation":[63],"practices":[64],"been":[66],"shown":[67],"be":[69],"effective":[70],"generating":[72],"with":[74,107,124,190],"improved":[75],"accuracy.":[76],"However,":[77],"complexities":[79],"interpretation":[82],"associated":[84],"prohibitive":[85],"costs,":[86,102],"especially":[87],"for":[88,140],"large-scale":[89,104],"projects,":[90],"limiting":[92,255],"factors.":[93],"This":[94,292],"paper":[95],"addresses":[96],"problem":[98,296],"interpretation,":[101],"mapping":[106,166,281],"a":[108,147,160,226,232,252],"novel":[109,161],"framework":[110,212,274],"that":[111],"generates":[112],"probabilistic":[113,128,228],"inferences":[114,129],"by":[115,167,224],"fusing":[116],"from":[118,193],"automatically":[120,283],"generated":[121],"initial":[122,156,187],"map":[123,157,189],"data.":[126],"The":[127,143,176,210],"expose":[130],"regions":[131],"uncertainty,":[134],"highlighting":[135],"them":[136],"as":[137],"prime":[138],"targets":[139],"further":[141],"investigations.":[142],"proposed":[144,211],"model":[145],"is":[146,159,248,275],"collection":[148],"three":[150],"main":[151],"processes.":[152],"First,":[153],"automatic":[155],"creation":[158],"contribution":[162],"supporting":[163],"rapid":[164],"subjecting":[168],"identified":[169],"appurtenances":[171],"inference":[174],"rules.":[175],"second":[177],"third":[179],"processes":[180],"encompass":[181],"created":[186],"available":[191],"knowledge":[192],"as-builts":[195],"or":[196],"historical":[197],"satellite":[198],"imagery":[199],"then":[202],"evaluating":[203],"uncertainties":[205],"confidence":[207,233],"value":[208],"estimators.":[209],"transcends":[213],"point":[215],"estimation":[216],"buried":[218],"locations":[220],"previous":[222],"works":[223],"producing":[225],"final":[227],"map,":[230],"revealing":[231],"level":[234],"attributed":[235],"each":[237],"segment":[238],"linking":[239],"aboveground":[240],"features.":[241],"In":[242,266],"this":[243,273],"approach,":[244],"infrastructure":[247],"rapidly":[249],"mapped":[250],"at":[251],"low":[253],"cost,":[254],"extent":[257],"more":[259],"detailed":[260],"low-confidence":[264],"regions.":[265],"resisting":[267],"obsolescence,":[268],"another":[269],"unique":[270],"advantage":[271],"dynamic":[277],"nature":[278],"update":[284],"upon":[286],"arrival":[288],"new":[290],"knowledge.":[291],"ultimately":[293],"minimizes":[294],"accuracies":[300],"dwindling":[301],"over":[302],"time.":[303]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
