{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4399181772","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24113509","title":"Encrypted Network Traffic Analysis and Classification Utilizing Machine Learning","display_name":"Encrypted Network Traffic Analysis and Classification Utilizing Machine Learning","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-05-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4399181772","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24113509","mag":"38894300"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24113509","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24113509","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/11/3509/pdf?version=1716991487","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/11/3509/pdf?version=1716991487","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5098948186","display_name":"Ibrahim A. Alwhbi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9212-5684"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106165777","display_name":"University of Central Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/036nfer12","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ibrahim A. Alwhbi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9212-5684","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052179538","display_name":"Cliff C. Zou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4229-6957"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106165777","display_name":"University of Central Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/036nfer12","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Cliff C. Zou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4229-6957","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5098948187","display_name":"Reem N. Alharbi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106165777","display_name":"University of Central Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/036nfer12","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Reem N. Alharbi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5052179538"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":15.7724,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":51,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99267928,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"11","first_page":"3509","last_page":"3509"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9912999868392944,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.8493303656578064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-packet-inspection","display_name":"Deep packet inspection","score":0.7610894441604614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traffic-analysis","display_name":"Traffic analysis","score":0.7098497152328491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traffic-classification","display_name":"Traffic classification","score":0.6907628178596497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6275672316551208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.5262179374694824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5235964059829712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confidentiality","display_name":"Confidentiality","score":0.4841509461402893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traffic-generation-model","display_name":"Traffic generation model","score":0.4802134931087494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law-enforcement","display_name":"Law enforcement","score":0.44610491394996643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-traffic","display_name":"Internet traffic","score":0.427801251411438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/safeguard","display_name":"Safeguard","score":0.4169183671474457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-packet","display_name":"Network packet","score":0.37301671504974365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.33301353454589844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3195600211620331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.187124103307724}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.8493303656578064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204679922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q734252","display_name":"Deep packet inspection","level":3,"score":0.7610894441604614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781317605","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7832483","display_name":"Traffic analysis","level":2,"score":0.7098497152328491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169988225","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7832484","display_name":"Traffic classification","level":3,"score":0.6907628178596497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6275672316551208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.5262179374694824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5235964059829712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71745522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2476929","display_name":"Confidentiality","level":2,"score":0.4841509461402893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176715033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2080768","display_name":"Traffic generation model","level":2,"score":0.4802134931087494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780262971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44554","display_name":"Law enforcement","level":2,"score":0.44610491394996643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63969886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3536440","display_name":"Internet traffic","level":3,"score":0.427801251411438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780771206","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3271761","display_name":"Safeguard","level":2,"score":0.4169183671474457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.37301671504974365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.33301353454589844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3195600211620331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.187124103307724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24113509","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24113509","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/11/3509/pdf?version=1716991487","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"mag:38894300","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/innovatsionnye-embriotehnologii-v-reproduktsii-zhivotnyh-ot-fundamentalnyh-issledovaniy-k-praktike.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210233339","display_name":"Achievements of Science and Technology in Agro-Industrial Complex","issn_l":"0235-2451","issn":["0235-2451"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Achievements of Science and Technology in Agro-Industrial Complex","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11175201","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11175201","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11175201/pdf/sensors-24-03509.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c099ab4b16b24c56880b0fc59f051ac0","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c099ab4b16b24c56880b0fc59f051ac0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 24, Iss 11, p 3509 (2024)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/24/11/3509/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24113509","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24113509","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24113509","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/11/3509/pdf?version=1716991487","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.6499999761581421}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3285855165","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DGE-2325452","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4399181772.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":96,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W917774098","https://openalex.org/W1496211266","https://openalex.org/W1576278180","https://openalex.org/W1912123407","https://openalex.org/W1916902331","https://openalex.org/W1926506756","https://openalex.org/W1948199107","https://openalex.org/W1965702297","https://openalex.org/W1974016210","https://openalex.org/W1977496278","https://openalex.org/W1982582425","https://openalex.org/W2002830978","https://openalex.org/W2064853889","https://openalex.org/W2087016914","https://openalex.org/W2112076978","https://openalex.org/W2154642793","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2164330572","https://openalex.org/W2181347294","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2296509296","https://openalex.org/W2342408547","https://openalex.org/W2413163873","https://openalex.org/W2437812994","https://openalex.org/W2500881837","https://openalex.org/W2531409750","https://openalex.org/W2541711883","https://openalex.org/W2606697812","https://openalex.org/W2613715541","https://openalex.org/W2743678626","https://openalex.org/W2745075853","https://openalex.org/W2748771977","https://openalex.org/W2756489700","https://openalex.org/W2771053518","https://openalex.org/W2785474195","https://openalex.org/W2790066613","https://openalex.org/W2795774310","https://openalex.org/W2802574842","https://openalex.org/W2806407311","https://openalex.org/W2807042118","https://openalex.org/W2810550035","https://openalex.org/W2886128149","https://openalex.org/W2889193967","https://openalex.org/W2896817483","https://openalex.org/W2897202622","https://openalex.org/W2897490102","https://openalex.org/W2904346290","https://openalex.org/W2906295032","https://openalex.org/W2929803724","https://openalex.org/W2940523548","https://openalex.org/W2942239200","https://openalex.org/W2962883549","https://openalex.org/W2963879194","https://openalex.org/W2991970757","https://openalex.org/W2993853848","https://openalex.org/W2998574808","https://openalex.org/W3001065717","https://openalex.org/W3003942856","https://openalex.org/W3011204221","https://openalex.org/W3019166713","https://openalex.org/W3029652632","https://openalex.org/W3036573907","https://openalex.org/W3037163353","https://openalex.org/W3041463877","https://openalex.org/W3049757379","https://openalex.org/W3083228182","https://openalex.org/W3086811561","https://openalex.org/W3095217282","https://openalex.org/W3101892219","https://openalex.org/W3104128335","https://openalex.org/W3107058614","https://openalex.org/W3127161477","https://openalex.org/W3149084432","https://openalex.org/W3153187775","https://openalex.org/W3195157635","https://openalex.org/W3197810240","https://openalex.org/W3206057571","https://openalex.org/W4205886613","https://openalex.org/W4206151249","https://openalex.org/W4256001418","https://openalex.org/W4280518408","https://openalex.org/W4280573290","https://openalex.org/W4296473472","https://openalex.org/W4309500007","https://openalex.org/W4309936138","https://openalex.org/W4320013936","https://openalex.org/W4386090462","https://openalex.org/W4388320214","https://openalex.org/W4392102519","https://openalex.org/W6628750762","https://openalex.org/W6676769703","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6749004786","https://openalex.org/W6785788860","https://openalex.org/W6903798829","https://openalex.org/W7071553617"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2127561666","https://openalex.org/W2949949254","https://openalex.org/W3171671300","https://openalex.org/W2770628370","https://openalex.org/W4399181772","https://openalex.org/W2062731068","https://openalex.org/W1987463739","https://openalex.org/W2964663688","https://openalex.org/W3163756987","https://openalex.org/W3174245262"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Encryption":[0],"is":[1,120],"a":[2,20,65,94],"fundamental":[3],"security":[4],"measure":[5],"to":[6,11,31,121],"safeguard":[7],"data":[8],"during":[9],"transmission":[10],"ensure":[12],"confidentiality":[13],"while":[14],"at":[15],"the":[16,32,89],"same":[17],"time":[18],"posing":[19],"great":[21],"challenge":[22],"for":[23,53],"traditional":[24],"packet":[25],"and":[26,43,47,58,76,92,103,113,127,134],"traffic":[27,37,50,74,116,132],"inspection.":[28],"In":[29],"response":[30],"proliferation":[33],"of":[34,68,81,97],"diverse":[35],"network":[36,54,106],"patterns":[38],"from":[39],"Internet-of-Things":[40],"devices,":[41],"websites,":[42],"mobile":[44],"applications,":[45],"understanding":[46],"classifying":[48,104],"encrypted":[49,73,105,131],"are":[51,84],"crucial":[52],"administrators,":[55],"cybersecurity":[56],"professionals,":[57],"policy":[59],"enforcement":[60],"entities.":[61],"This":[62],"paper":[63],"presents":[64],"comprehensive":[66],"survey":[67,83],"recent":[69],"advancements":[70],"in":[71,101,115,130],"machine-learning-driven":[72],"analysis":[75,133],"classification.":[77],"The":[78],"primary":[79],"goals":[80],"our":[82],"two-fold:":[85],"First,":[86],"we":[87,109],"present":[88],"overall":[90],"procedure":[91],"provide":[93,122],"detailed":[95],"explanation":[96],"utilizing":[98],"machine":[99],"learning":[100],"analyzing":[102],"traffic.":[107],"Second,":[108],"review":[110],"state-of-the-art":[111],"techniques":[112],"methodologies":[114],"analysis.":[117,138],"Our":[118],"aim":[119],"insights":[123],"into":[124],"current":[125],"practices":[126],"future":[128],"directions":[129],"classification,":[135],"especially":[136],"machine-learning-based":[137]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":36},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-04T09:04:59.091469","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}