{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4399043468","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24113441","title":"Design and Manufacture of Multifunctional 3-D Smart Skins with Embedded Sensor Networks for Robotic Applications","display_name":"Design and Manufacture of Multifunctional 3-D Smart Skins with Embedded Sensor Networks for Robotic Applications","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-05-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4399043468","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24113441","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38894231"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24113441","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24113441","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/11/3441/pdf?version=1716796438","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/11/3441/pdf?version=1716796438","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072718310","display_name":"Elliot Ransom","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0599-9461"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13805885","display_name":"Vaughn College of Aeronautics and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/056e22e24","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13805885"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Elliot Ransom","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13805885","https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101436241","display_name":"Xiyuan Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0948-2611"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiyuan Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0948-2611","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089054756","display_name":"William Mangram","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13805885","display_name":"Vaughn College of Aeronautics and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/056e22e24","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13805885"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William Mangram","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13805885","https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085724381","display_name":"Amir Nasrollahi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8826-661X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13805885","display_name":"Vaughn College of Aeronautics and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/056e22e24","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13805885"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amir Nasrollahi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8826-661X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13805885","https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082269536","display_name":"Tanay Topac","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8304-0910"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13805885","display_name":"Vaughn College of Aeronautics and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/056e22e24","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13805885"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tanay Topac","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8304-0910","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13805885","https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059478393","display_name":"Fu\u2010Kuo Chang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3546-1539"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13805885","display_name":"Vaughn College of Aeronautics and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/056e22e24","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13805885"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fu-Kuo Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3546-1539","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13805885","https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5059478393","https://openalex.org/A5072718310"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13805885","https://openalex.org/I97018004"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.168,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.43205792,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"11","first_page":"3441","last_page":"3441"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10338","display_name":"Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10338","display_name":"Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10783","display_name":"Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Technologies","score":0.9860000014305115,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10789","display_name":"Interactive and Immersive Displays","score":0.982200026512146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.7264024615287781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.6118835210800171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wearable-computer","display_name":"Wearable computer","score":0.5770054459571838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/component","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","score":0.48418667912483215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.45975184440612793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-sensor-network","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","score":0.45593565702438354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.45276087522506714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.371024489402771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.1276473104953766}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.7264024615287781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.6118835210800171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150594956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334829","display_name":"Wearable computer","level":2,"score":0.5770054459571838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.48418667912483215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.45975184440612793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.45593565702438354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.45276087522506714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.371024489402771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.1276473104953766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24113441","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24113441","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/11/3441/pdf?version=1716796438","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38894231","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38894231","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11175095","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11175095","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11175095/pdf/sensors-24-03441.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1d87a4e21c15405d98bca21b31a46a28","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1d87a4e21c15405d98bca21b31a46a28","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 24, Iss 11, p 3441 (2024)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/24/11/3441/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24113441","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24113441","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24113441","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/11/3441/pdf?version=1716796438","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4426769425","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1528145","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8745507750","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IIS-1528145","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4399043468.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1540090286","https://openalex.org/W1967607612","https://openalex.org/W1968693414","https://openalex.org/W1978553783","https://openalex.org/W1983615882","https://openalex.org/W1984831423","https://openalex.org/W1996976459","https://openalex.org/W2037461330","https://openalex.org/W2044479329","https://openalex.org/W2098351173","https://openalex.org/W2102529977","https://openalex.org/W2103540973","https://openalex.org/W2108227326","https://openalex.org/W2152624363","https://openalex.org/W2167413858","https://openalex.org/W2219664567","https://openalex.org/W2326098596","https://openalex.org/W2330060089","https://openalex.org/W2543580944","https://openalex.org/W2618168041","https://openalex.org/W2767120355","https://openalex.org/W2789883881","https://openalex.org/W2792224473","https://openalex.org/W2859460877","https://openalex.org/W2890084868","https://openalex.org/W2946367844","https://openalex.org/W2952780007","https://openalex.org/W2956286142","https://openalex.org/W2989285151","https://openalex.org/W3093778666","https://openalex.org/W3138338781","https://openalex.org/W3188633514","https://openalex.org/W4306647867","https://openalex.org/W4308158928"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2770234245","https://openalex.org/W96612179","https://openalex.org/W4229499248","https://openalex.org/W2566006169","https://openalex.org/W1567818861","https://openalex.org/W2987774938","https://openalex.org/W4256492088","https://openalex.org/W632915154","https://openalex.org/W2079312091","https://openalex.org/W2554503563"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"An":[0],"investigation":[1],"was":[2,196,213,233],"performed":[3],"to":[4,8,43,50,77,174,203],"develop":[5],"a":[6,12,37,62,99,117,192,204,210,226],"process":[7,182,228],"design":[9,173,185],"and":[10,53,96,128,157,215,217,235],"manufacture":[11],"3-D":[13,163],"smart":[14,30,38,57,164],"skin":[15,31,134,178,223],"with":[16],"an":[17],"embedded":[18],"network":[19,100,172,188,202],"of":[20,36,65,98,101,116,150,186,200,220],"distributed":[21,102],"sensors":[22,103],"for":[23,68,160],"non-developable":[24,105],"(or":[25],"doubly":[26],"curved)":[27],"surfaces.":[28],"A":[29],"is":[32],"the":[33,94,113,125,133,145,151,169,175,181,184,187,198,201,218,221],"sensing":[34],"component":[35],"structure,":[39],"allowing":[40],"such":[41,83,162],"structures":[42],"gather":[44],"data":[45],"from":[46,144,168],"their":[47,72],"surrounding":[48],"environments":[49],"make":[51],"control":[52],"maintenance":[54],"decisions.":[55],"Such":[56],"skins":[58,165],"are":[59],"desired":[60],"across":[61],"wide":[63],"variety":[64],"domains,":[66],"particularly":[67],"those":[69],"devices":[70],"where":[71],"surfaces":[73,106],"require":[74],"high":[75],"sensitivity":[76],"external":[78],"loads":[79],"or":[80],"environmental":[81],"changes":[82],"as":[84,138,140],"human-assisting":[85],"robots,":[86],"medical":[87],"devices,":[88],"wearable":[89],"health":[90],"components,":[91],"etc.":[92],"However,":[93],"fabrication":[95],"deployment":[97,136,199],"on":[104,230],"faces":[107],"steep":[108],"challenges.":[109],"These":[110],"challenges":[111,142],"include":[112],"conformal":[114],"coverage":[115],"target":[118],"object":[119],"without":[120],"causing":[121],"prohibitive":[122],"stresses":[123],"in":[124,132],"sensor":[126,135,171],"interconnects":[127],"ensuring":[129],"positional":[130],"accuracy":[131],"positions,":[137],"well":[139],"packaging":[141],"resulting":[143],"thin,":[146],"flexible":[147],"form":[148],"factor":[149],"skin.":[152],"In":[153],"this":[154],"study,":[155],"novel":[156,227],"streamlined":[158],"processes":[159],"making":[161],"were":[166],"developed":[167,234],"initial":[170],"final":[176,222],"integrated":[177],"assembly.":[179],"Specifically,":[180],"involved":[183],"itself":[189],"(for":[190,208,224],"which":[191,209,225],"physical":[193],"simulation-based":[194],"optimization":[195],"developed),":[197],"targeted":[205],"3D":[206],"surface":[207],"specialized":[211],"tool":[212],"designed":[214],"implemented),":[216],"assembly":[219],"based":[229],"dip":[231],"coating":[232],"implemented.).":[236]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}