{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4398145143","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24103211","title":"Research on the Multiple Small Target Detection Methodology in Remote Sensing","display_name":"Research on the Multiple Small Target Detection Methodology in Remote Sensing","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-05-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4398145143","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24103211","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38794065"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24103211","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24103211","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/10/3211/pdf?version=1716022174","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/10/3211/pdf?version=1716022174","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5095773291","display_name":"Changman Zou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2056-8299"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121691239","display_name":"Beihua University","ror":"https://ror.org/013jjp941","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121691239"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71007489","display_name":"Kyungnam University","ror":"https://ror.org/037pkxm09","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71007489"]}],"countries":["CN","KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Changman Zou","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Beihua University, Jilin 132013, China","Department of IT Convergence Engineering, University of Kyungnam, Changwon 51767, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2056-8299","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Beihua University, Jilin 132013, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121691239"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of IT Convergence Engineering, University of Kyungnam, Changwon 51767, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71007489"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035813083","display_name":"Wang\u2010Su Jeon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8887-2513"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71007489","display_name":"Kyungnam University","ror":"https://ror.org/037pkxm09","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71007489"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wang-Su Jeon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, University of Kyungnam, Changwon 51767, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8887-2513","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, University of Kyungnam, Changwon 51767, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71007489"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018274633","display_name":"Sang\u2010Yong Rhee","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71007489","display_name":"Kyungnam University","ror":"https://ror.org/037pkxm09","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71007489"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sang-Yong Rhee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, University of Kyungnam, Changwon 51767, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, University of Kyungnam, Changwon 51767, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71007489"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5018274633"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71007489"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.9046,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8670166,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"10","first_page":"3211","last_page":"3211"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.989300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptability","display_name":"Adaptability","score":0.8024057149887085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.7773450613021851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7558236122131348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.597231924533844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5508884191513062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.48151883482933044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.463817298412323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.44499480724334717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.4431678354740143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.43945789337158203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.42770928144454956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.42391398549079895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.10311341285705566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.07026666402816772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.06580772995948792}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177606310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5674297","display_name":"Adaptability","level":2,"score":0.8024057149887085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.7773450613021851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7558236122131348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.597231924533844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5508884191513062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.48151883482933044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.463817298412323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.44499480724334717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.4431678354740143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.43945789337158203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.42770928144454956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.42391398549079895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10311341285705566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.07026666402816772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.06580772995948792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24103211","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24103211","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/10/3211/pdf?version=1716022174","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38794065","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38794065","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11125065","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11125065","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11125065/pdf/sensors-24-03211.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8fa6579492ec4ebb803a355b069af73c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8fa6579492ec4ebb803a355b069af73c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 24, Iss 10, p 3211 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24103211","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24103211","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/10/3211/pdf?version=1716022174","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2192672005","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021RIS-003","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5347132709","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021RIS-003","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8248926532","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021RIS-003","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322724","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Education, India"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322724","display_name":"Ministry of Education, India","ror":"https://ror.org/048xjjh50"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4398145143.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":62,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1536680647","https://openalex.org/W2193145675","https://openalex.org/W2291467501","https://openalex.org/W2565639579","https://openalex.org/W2570343428","https://openalex.org/W2607558879","https://openalex.org/W2620925531","https://openalex.org/W2660018007","https://openalex.org/W2752782242","https://openalex.org/W2884585870","https://openalex.org/W2896991173","https://openalex.org/W2905008846","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2963125010","https://openalex.org/W2964241181","https://openalex.org/W2966974040","https://openalex.org/W2973695528","https://openalex.org/W2974957001","https://openalex.org/W2995801068","https://openalex.org/W3000610173","https://openalex.org/W3013028075","https://openalex.org/W3023313978","https://openalex.org/W3034421924","https://openalex.org/W3045928185","https://openalex.org/W3096597990","https://openalex.org/W3097243506","https://openalex.org/W3106250896","https://openalex.org/W3122050197","https://openalex.org/W3144332889","https://openalex.org/W3160961055","https://openalex.org/W3174629554","https://openalex.org/W3177657646","https://openalex.org/W3192731655","https://openalex.org/W3206005944","https://openalex.org/W3206928323","https://openalex.org/W3208943037","https://openalex.org/W4205538797","https://openalex.org/W4206005176","https://openalex.org/W4207064056","https://openalex.org/W4210598935","https://openalex.org/W4211253060","https://openalex.org/W4213019189","https://openalex.org/W4213099919","https://openalex.org/W4213124617","https://openalex.org/W4226085666","https://openalex.org/W4229058281","https://openalex.org/W4280563474","https://openalex.org/W4283585908","https://openalex.org/W4285215200","https://openalex.org/W4308581710","https://openalex.org/W4381617366","https://openalex.org/W4384519088","https://openalex.org/W4386076325","https://openalex.org/W4388823657","https://openalex.org/W4389887043","https://openalex.org/W4390667094","https://openalex.org/W4391594031","https://openalex.org/W6802915374","https://openalex.org/W6805727964","https://openalex.org/W6811008586","https://openalex.org/W6839904509"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2357124094","https://openalex.org/W2387399993","https://openalex.org/W2389739210","https://openalex.org/W2348924972","https://openalex.org/W2365736347","https://openalex.org/W2047454415","https://openalex.org/W2070040999","https://openalex.org/W2387293848","https://openalex.org/W2250140200","https://openalex.org/W3121791438"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,187],"study":[1,188],"focuses":[2],"on":[3,31,142],"advancing":[4],"the":[5,33,39,112,123,128,143,145,159,163,184,190],"field":[6],"of":[7,45,126,153,169,195],"remote":[8,196],"sensing":[9,197],"image":[10,198],"target":[11,18,25,78,99],"detection,":[12,19],"addressing":[13],"challenges":[14],"such":[15],"as":[16],"small":[17,54],"complex":[20,57,89],"background":[21],"handling,":[22],"and":[23,50,56,72,81,88,116,147,155,172,193],"dense":[24],"distribution.":[26],"We":[27],"propose":[28],"solutions":[29],"based":[30],"enhancing":[32,47],"YOLOv7":[34,64],"algorithm.":[35],"Firstly,":[36],"we":[37,60,92],"improve":[38],"multi-scale":[40],"feature":[41],"enhancement":[42],"(MFE)":[43],"method":[44],"YOLOv7,":[46,127],"its":[48],"adaptability":[49],"precision":[51,131],"in":[52,84],"detecting":[53],"targets":[55],"backgrounds.":[58],"Secondly,":[59],"design":[61],"a":[62,94],"modified":[63],"global":[65,74],"information":[66,106],"DP-MLP":[67,148],"module":[68],"to":[69,110,183],"effectively":[70],"capture":[71],"integrate":[73],"information,":[75],"thereby":[76],"improving":[77],"detection":[79,100],"accuracy":[80],"robustness,":[82],"especially":[83],"handling":[85],"large-scale":[86],"variations":[87],"scenes.":[90],"Lastly,":[91],"explore":[93],"semi-supervised":[95],"learning":[96],"model":[97],"(SSLM)":[98],"algorithm":[101],"incorporating":[102],"unlabeled":[103,108],"data,":[104],"leveraging":[105],"from":[107],"data":[109],"enhance":[111],"model's":[113],"generalization":[114,194],"ability":[115],"performance.":[117],"Experimental":[118],"results":[119],"demonstrate":[120],"that":[121],"despite":[122],"outstanding":[124],"performance":[125],"mean":[129],"average":[130],"(MAP)":[132],"can":[133],"still":[134],"be":[135],"improved":[136],"by":[137],"1.9%.":[138],"Specifically,":[139],"under":[140],"testing":[141],"TGRS-HRRSD-Dataset,":[144],"MFE":[146],"models":[149,165],"achieve":[150,166],"MAP":[151,167],"values":[152,168],"93.4%":[154],"93.1%,":[156,170],"respectively.":[157,174],"Across":[158],"NWPU":[160],"VHR-10":[161],"dataset,":[162],"three":[164],"92.1%,":[171],"92.2%,":[173],"Significant":[175],"improvements":[176],"are":[177],"observed":[178],"across":[179],"various":[180],"metrics":[181],"compared":[182],"original":[185],"model.":[186],"enhances":[189],"adaptability,":[191],"accuracy,":[192],"object":[199],"detection.":[200]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T06:51:31.235846","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}