{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4396894773","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24103109","title":"Learning-Based Non-Intrusive Electric Load Monitoring for Smart Energy Management","display_name":"Learning-Based Non-Intrusive Electric Load Monitoring for Smart Energy Management","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-05-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4396894773","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24103109","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38793960"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24103109","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24103109","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/10/3109/pdf?version=1715675760","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/10/3109/pdf?version=1715675760","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100580116","display_name":"Nian He","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80947539","display_name":"Fuzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/011xvna82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nian He","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhicheng College, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhicheng College, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Dengfeng Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80947539","display_name":"Fuzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/011xvna82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dengfeng Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fujian Key Lab for Intelligent Processing and Wireless Transmission of Media Information, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fujian Key Lab for Intelligent Processing and Wireless Transmission of Media Information, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053091421","display_name":"Zhichen Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2776-1785"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80947539","display_name":"Fuzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/011xvna82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhichen Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fujian Key Lab for Intelligent Processing and Wireless Transmission of Media Information, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fujian Key Lab for Intelligent Processing and Wireless Transmission of Media Information, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101489331","display_name":"Zhiquan Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8664-723X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80947539","display_name":"Fuzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/011xvna82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiquan Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fujian Key Lab for Intelligent Processing and Wireless Transmission of Media Information, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fujian Key Lab for Intelligent Processing and Wireless Transmission of Media Information, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057108758","display_name":"Tiesong Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7497-8883"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80947539","display_name":"Fuzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/011xvna82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tiesong Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fujian Key Lab for Intelligent Processing and Wireless Transmission of Media Information, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7497-8883","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fujian Key Lab for Intelligent Processing and Wireless Transmission of Media Information, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088989374","display_name":"Yiwen Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0523-4773"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80947539","display_name":"Fuzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/011xvna82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yiwen Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fujian Key Lab for Intelligent Processing and Wireless Transmission of Media Information, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China","Zhicheng College, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0523-4773","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fujian Key Lab for Intelligent Processing and Wireless Transmission of Media Information, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhicheng College, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5088989374"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.3937,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.58456642,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"10","first_page":"3109","last_page":"3109"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11052","display_name":"Energy Load and Power Forecasting","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13429","display_name":"Electricity Theft Detection Techniques","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.631942868232727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-management","display_name":"Energy management","score":0.5045019388198853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavelet-transform","display_name":"Wavelet transform","score":0.48107075691223145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-power","display_name":"Electric power","score":0.4526216983795166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.4485812485218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.43556880950927734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4354855716228485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.4251308739185333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavelet","display_name":"Wavelet","score":0.39886027574539185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3885743021965027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.3855149447917938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.3221474885940552}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.631942868232727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7817414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779504","display_name":"Energy management","level":3,"score":0.5045019388198853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196216189","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2867","display_name":"Wavelet transform","level":3,"score":0.48107075691223145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40293303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27137","display_name":"Electric power","level":3,"score":0.4526216983795166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.4485812485218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.43556880950927734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4354855716228485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.4251308739185333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47432892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831390","display_name":"Wavelet","level":2,"score":0.39886027574539185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3885743021965027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.3855149447917938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3221474885940552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24103109","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24103109","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/10/3109/pdf?version=1715675760","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38793960","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38793960","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11125106","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11125106","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11125106/pdf/sensors-24-03109.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:83caa997b113476aa2b1909567073b23","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/83caa997b113476aa2b1909567073b23","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 24, Iss 10, p 3109 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24103109","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24103109","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/10/3109/pdf?version=1715675760","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8500000238418579}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4396894773.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2013000896","https://openalex.org/W2020517213","https://openalex.org/W2034195683","https://openalex.org/W2066525309","https://openalex.org/W2098859486","https://openalex.org/W2113401834","https://openalex.org/W2534291387","https://openalex.org/W2593034620","https://openalex.org/W2598527303","https://openalex.org/W2739107666","https://openalex.org/W2740432925","https://openalex.org/W2764060181","https://openalex.org/W2780704785","https://openalex.org/W2892813934","https://openalex.org/W2904841534","https://openalex.org/W2954902529","https://openalex.org/W2979537861","https://openalex.org/W3011632608","https://openalex.org/W3081280103","https://openalex.org/W3090386302","https://openalex.org/W3113991957","https://openalex.org/W3114928199","https://openalex.org/W3140350963","https://openalex.org/W3158617841","https://openalex.org/W3164012365","https://openalex.org/W3196829548","https://openalex.org/W3202526233","https://openalex.org/W3213933678","https://openalex.org/W4210646079","https://openalex.org/W4214822540","https://openalex.org/W4280549694","https://openalex.org/W4281647465","https://openalex.org/W4312584139","https://openalex.org/W4391679857","https://openalex.org/W4392510079","https://openalex.org/W4393069375"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2382174632","https://openalex.org/W2129959498","https://openalex.org/W2784060934","https://openalex.org/W2902714807","https://openalex.org/W2537489131","https://openalex.org/W2394084632","https://openalex.org/W2358293514","https://openalex.org/W2046633342","https://openalex.org/W2059273319","https://openalex.org/W2077021924"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"State-of-the-art":[0],"smart":[1,51],"cities":[2],"have":[3],"been":[4],"calling":[5],"for":[6,17,50,122],"economic":[7],"but":[8],"efficient":[9,159],"energy":[10,131,160],"management":[11,53,161],"over":[12,162],"a":[13,24,43,93,117,163],"large-scale":[14,164],"network,":[15],"especially":[16],"the":[18,38,79,112,123,147],"electric":[19,32],"power":[20,52,134],"system.":[21,39],"It":[22],"is":[23,104],"critical":[25],"issue":[26],"to":[27,106,153],"monitor,":[28],"analyze,":[29],"and":[30,82,86,101,142,156],"control":[31],"loads":[33,110],"of":[34,63,126,166],"all":[35,108,127],"users":[36],"in":[37,59],"In":[40],"this":[41],"study,":[42],"non-intrusive":[44,124],"load":[45],"monitoring":[46,125],"method":[47,148],"was":[48,120],"designed":[49,121],"using":[54,75],"computer":[55],"vision":[56],"techniques":[57],"popular":[58],"artificial":[60],"intelligence.":[61],"First":[62],"all,":[64],"one-dimensional":[65],"current":[66],"signals":[67],"are":[68],"mapped":[69],"onto":[70],"two-dimensional":[71],"color":[72,113],"feature":[73,99,114],"images":[74],"signal":[76],"transforms":[77],"(including":[78],"wavelet":[80],"transform":[81],"discrete":[83],"Fourier":[84],"transform)":[85],"Gramian":[87],"Angular":[88],"Field":[89],"(GAF)":[90],"methods.":[91],"Second,":[92],"deep":[94],"neural":[95],"network":[96],"with":[97],"multi-scale":[98],"extraction":[100],"attention":[102],"mechanism":[103],"proposed":[105],"recognize":[107],"electrical":[109],"from":[111],"images.":[115],"Third,":[116],"cloud-based":[118],"approach":[119],"users,":[128],"thereby":[129],"saving":[130],"costs":[132],"during":[133],"system":[135],"control.":[136],"Experimental":[137],"results":[138],"on":[139],"both":[140],"public":[141],"private":[143],"datasets":[144],"demonstrate":[145],"that":[146],"achieves":[149],"superior":[150],"performances":[151],"compared":[152],"its":[154],"peers,":[155],"thus":[157],"supports":[158],"Internet":[165],"Things":[167],"network.":[168]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}