{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4396855832","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24103088","title":"Vehicle Detection Algorithms for Autonomous Driving: A Review","display_name":"Vehicle Detection Algorithms for Autonomous Driving: A Review","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-05-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4396855832","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24103088","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38793942"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24103088","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24103088","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/10/3088/pdf?version=1715595365","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/10/3088/pdf?version=1715595365","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100426918","display_name":"Liang Liang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2778-455X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36152291","display_name":"Henan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05sbgwt55","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36152291"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liang Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36152291"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018104058","display_name":"Haihua Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9741-0432"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36152291","display_name":"Henan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05sbgwt55","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36152291"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Haihua Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China","Key Laboratory of Grain Information Processing and Control of Ministry of Education, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36152291"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Grain Information Processing and Control of Ministry of Education, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36152291"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109712026","display_name":"Le Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1847-8969"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36152291","display_name":"Henan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05sbgwt55","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36152291"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Le Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China","Key Laboratory of Grain Information Processing and Control of Ministry of Education, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36152291"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Grain Information Processing and Control of Ministry of Education, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36152291"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029525530","display_name":"Xiaopeng Xie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9023-0624"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36152291","display_name":"Henan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05sbgwt55","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36152291"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaopeng Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36152291"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113205773","display_name":"Chengxin Hua","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36152291","display_name":"Henan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05sbgwt55","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36152291"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chengxin Hua","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36152291"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092252837","display_name":"Miao Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2128-0753"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36152291","display_name":"Henan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05sbgwt55","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36152291"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miao Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China","Key Laboratory of Grain Information Processing and Control of Ministry of Education, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36152291"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Grain Information Processing and Control of Ministry of Education, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36152291"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100340704","display_name":"Yonghui Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7222-2142"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36152291","display_name":"Henan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05sbgwt55","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36152291"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yonghui Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36152291"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5018104058"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36152291"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":7.9874,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":48,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98613865,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"10","first_page":"3088","last_page":"3088"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9901999831199646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intersection","display_name":"Intersection (aeronautics)","score":0.6631593704223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6304534077644348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.537761390209198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.5373439192771912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.5040389895439148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensor-fusion","display_name":"Sensor fusion","score":0.48938077688217163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.44608959555625916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-detection","display_name":"Radar detection","score":0.42408308386802673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4219895601272583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.41466110944747925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4023265242576599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.21185725927352905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.20766785740852356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transport-engineering","display_name":"Transport engineering","score":0.1346321702003479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.13361600041389465}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64543145","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162942","display_name":"Intersection (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.6631593704223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6304534077644348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.537761390209198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5373439192771912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.5040389895439148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.48938077688217163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.44608959555625916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989048297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q930654","display_name":"Radar detection","level":3,"score":0.42408308386802673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4219895601272583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.41466110944747925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4023265242576599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.21185725927352905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.20766785740852356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.1346321702003479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.13361600041389465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24103088","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24103088","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/10/3088/pdf?version=1715595365","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38793942","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38793942","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11125132","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11125132","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11125132/pdf/sensors-24-03088.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:70964dc40b42431badebdc1952d40334","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/70964dc40b42431badebdc1952d40334","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 24, Iss 10, p 3088 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24103088","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24103088","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/10/3088/pdf?version=1715595365","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7183696702","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"22ZZRDZX43","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311785","funder_display_name":"Zhengzhou Municipal Science and Technology Bureau"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311785","display_name":"Zhengzhou Municipal Science and Technology Bureau","ror":"https://ror.org/02kv04939"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321955","display_name":"Henan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05sbgwt55"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322878","display_name":"Henan University","ror":"https://ror.org/003xyzq10"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337408","display_name":"Division of Undergraduate Education","ror":"https://ror.org/02kd4km72"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4396855832.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":240,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1536680647","https://openalex.org/W1567041090","https://openalex.org/W1655862407","https://openalex.org/W1677409904","https://openalex.org/W1903029394","https://openalex.org/W1967659990","https://openalex.org/W1988854889","https://openalex.org/W1990684564","https://openalex.org/W2012313888","https://openalex.org/W2040271953","https://openalex.org/W2056378385","https://openalex.org/W2063411532","https://openalex.org/W2065485838","https://openalex.org/W2066730339","https://openalex.org/W2077709713","https://openalex.org/W2083044905","https://openalex.org/W2085261163","https://openalex.org/W2090890830","https://openalex.org/W2097290407","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2102936639","https://openalex.org/W2104572919","https://openalex.org/W2109255472","https://openalex.org/W2115579991","https://openalex.org/W2132360065","https://openalex.org/W2132891752","https://openalex.org/W2135850590","https://openalex.org/W2136767008","https://openalex.org/W2143146388","https://openalex.org/W2153567056","https://openalex.org/W2154271851","https://openalex.org/W2160977939","https://openalex.org/W2165065922","https://openalex.org/W2168356304","https://openalex.org/W2193145675","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2211722331","https://openalex.org/W2214320435","https://openalex.org/W2220750102","https://openalex.org/W2221502561","https://openalex.org/W2237765446","https://openalex.org/W2281954672","https://openalex.org/W2298202085","https://openalex.org/W2322480645","https://openalex.org/W2332920698","https://openalex.org/W2344934580","https://openalex.org/W2405334833","https://openalex.org/W2407521645","https://openalex.org/W2412782625","https://openalex.org/W2460157116","https://openalex.org/W2470831735","https://openalex.org/W2531409750","https://openalex.org/W2551797136","https://openalex.org/W2552971263","https://openalex.org/W2555618208","https://openalex.org/W2556802233","https://openalex.org/W2557728737","https://openalex.org/W2558294288","https://openalex.org/W2560023338","https://openalex.org/W2563705555","https://openalex.org/W2565639579","https://openalex.org/W2570343428","https://openalex.org/W2580683366","https://openalex.org/W2591860465","https://openalex.org/W2606804382","https://openalex.org/W2608210020","https://openalex.org/W2609057791","https://openalex.org/W2613718673","https://openalex.org/W2614543743","https://openalex.org/W2624503621","https://openalex.org/W2736939514","https://openalex.org/W2737234477","https://openalex.org/W2741151098","https://openalex.org/W2746791238","https://openalex.org/W2752788177","https://openalex.org/W2768489488","https://openalex.org/W2778764040","https://openalex.org/W2781998684","https://openalex.org/W2789895176","https://openalex.org/W2791003324","https://openalex.org/W2798777114","https://openalex.org/W2798965597","https://openalex.org/W2799162093","https://openalex.org/W2805964635","https://openalex.org/W2872491670","https://openalex.org/W2886216548","https://openalex.org/W2894651257","https://openalex.org/W2897529137","https://openalex.org/W2898847006","https://openalex.org/W2899607431","https://openalex.org/W2902854891","https://openalex.org/W2914821954","https://openalex.org/W2925359305","https://openalex.org/W2934198733","https://openalex.org/W2940863872","https://openalex.org/W2949708697","https://openalex.org/W2950642167","https://openalex.org/W2954174912","https://openalex.org/W2956500077","https://openalex.org/W2962888833","https://openalex.org/W2962912109","https://openalex.org/W2962928871","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2963068995","https://openalex.org/W2963150697","https://openalex.org/W2963179609","https://openalex.org/W2963226018","https://openalex.org/W2963281829","https://openalex.org/W2963299996","https://openalex.org/W2963305757","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2963400571","https://openalex.org/W2963418739","https://openalex.org/W2963438049","https://openalex.org/W2963583471","https://openalex.org/W2963721253","https://openalex.org/W2963727135","https://openalex.org/W2963786238","https://openalex.org/W2963881378","https://openalex.org/W2963890956","https://openalex.org/W2963927307","https://openalex.org/W2964062501","https://openalex.org/W2964093967","https://openalex.org/W2964121718","https://openalex.org/W2964217532","https://openalex.org/W2964241181","https://openalex.org/W2964297960","https://openalex.org/W2964309882","https://openalex.org/W2964398782","https://openalex.org/W2967098543","https://openalex.org/W2968557240","https://openalex.org/W2969352691","https://openalex.org/W2970602317","https://openalex.org/W2971198903","https://openalex.org/W2981949127","https://openalex.org/W2986357608","https://openalex.org/W2989604896","https://openalex.org/W2990613095","https://openalex.org/W2990767894","https://openalex.org/W2996476754","https://openalex.org/W2997814983","https://openalex.org/W2998330714","https://openalex.org/W3000171824","https://openalex.org/W3004135102","https://openalex.org/W3004237909","https://openalex.org/W3005455080","https://openalex.org/W3006643904","https://openalex.org/W3008105217","https://openalex.org/W3009067308","https://openalex.org/W3011800639","https://openalex.org/W3012494314","https://openalex.org/W3012573144","https://openalex.org/W3017056634","https://openalex.org/W3028043782","https://openalex.org/W3034236957","https://openalex.org/W3034314779","https://openalex.org/W3034602892","https://openalex.org/W3035346742","https://openalex.org/W3035461736","https://openalex.org/W3035708560","https://openalex.org/W3035749845","https://openalex.org/W3081387904","https://openalex.org/W3091870167","https://openalex.org/W3096609285","https://openalex.org/W3099930232","https://openalex.org/W3105073457","https://openalex.org/W3106250896","https://openalex.org/W3109154950","https://openalex.org/W3109944402","https://openalex.org/W3113968283","https://openalex.org/W3117804044","https://openalex.org/W3118341329","https://openalex.org/W3118479569","https://openalex.org/W3120148904","https://openalex.org/W3132282193","https://openalex.org/W3164012963","https://openalex.org/W3170544306","https://openalex.org/W3170841864","https://openalex.org/W3171162369","https://openalex.org/W3172752666","https://openalex.org/W3175269419","https://openalex.org/W3199093552","https://openalex.org/W3201719054","https://openalex.org/W3204415296","https://openalex.org/W3206593131","https://openalex.org/W3207950313","https://openalex.org/W3216015562","https://openalex.org/W3217335336","https://openalex.org/W4200629389","https://openalex.org/W4205977910","https://openalex.org/W4206102606","https://openalex.org/W4213176388","https://openalex.org/W4221053356","https://openalex.org/W4225623740","https://openalex.org/W4226098442","https://openalex.org/W4281773951","https://openalex.org/W4281773987","https://openalex.org/W4291653252","https://openalex.org/W4308148751","https://openalex.org/W4308480192","https://openalex.org/W4310078553","https://openalex.org/W4311511747","https://openalex.org/W4312419284","https://openalex.org/W4312931360","https://openalex.org/W4313124918","https://openalex.org/W4313142137","https://openalex.org/W4313149358","https://openalex.org/W4313153185","https://openalex.org/W4318833281","https://openalex.org/W4319299723","https://openalex.org/W4320002769","https://openalex.org/W4321770545","https://openalex.org/W4382469124","https://openalex.org/W4383066393","https://openalex.org/W4383097627","https://openalex.org/W4385323544","https://openalex.org/W4386075636","https://openalex.org/W4386076253","https://openalex.org/W4386076325","https://openalex.org/W4386083121","https://openalex.org/W4386083129","https://openalex.org/W4387067988","https://openalex.org/W4388543919","https://openalex.org/W4390872227","https://openalex.org/W6605323027","https://openalex.org/W6622964371","https://openalex.org/W6666349528","https://openalex.org/W6679436768","https://openalex.org/W6683411478","https://openalex.org/W6702944582","https://openalex.org/W6738414717","https://openalex.org/W6752653907","https://openalex.org/W6764117818","https://openalex.org/W6772253573","https://openalex.org/W6784424837","https://openalex.org/W6802305844","https://openalex.org/W6805116906","https://openalex.org/W6809950564","https://openalex.org/W6848545185","https://openalex.org/W6910779650"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4319317934","https://openalex.org/W2901265155","https://openalex.org/W2956374172","https://openalex.org/W4319837668","https://openalex.org/W4308071650","https://openalex.org/W3188333020","https://openalex.org/W4281783339","https://openalex.org/W1964041166","https://openalex.org/W4390887692","https://openalex.org/W4221065211"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Autonomous":[0],"driving,":[1],"as":[2],"a":[3,23,65,87],"pivotal":[4],"technology":[5,36],"in":[6,78,112],"modern":[7],"transportation,":[8],"is":[9,22],"progressively":[10],"transforming":[11],"the":[12,29,79,91,130],"modalities":[13],"of":[14,31,68,81,90,134],"human":[15],"mobility.":[16],"In":[17,40],"this":[18,127],"domain,":[19],"vehicle":[20,45,70,98,107],"detection":[21,46,71,108],"significant":[24],"research":[25],"direction":[26],"that":[27],"involves":[28],"intersection":[30],"multiple":[32],"disciplines,":[33],"including":[34,114],"sensor":[35,124],"and":[37,58,73,95,105,123,132,137,139],"computer":[38],"vision.":[39],"recent":[41],"years,":[42],"many":[43],"excellent":[44],"methods":[47],"have":[48,54],"been":[49],"reported,":[50],"but":[51],"few":[52],"studies":[53],"focused":[55],"on":[56,117],"summarizing":[57],"analyzing":[59],"these":[60],"algorithms.":[61],"This":[62],"work":[63],"provides":[64],"comprehensive":[66],"review":[67],"existing":[69],"algorithms":[72,109,136],"discusses":[74,129],"their":[75],"practical":[76],"applications":[77],"field":[80],"autonomous":[82],"driving.":[83],"First,":[84],"we":[85],"provide":[86],"brief":[88],"description":[89],"tasks,":[92],"evaluation":[93],"metrics,":[94],"datasets":[96],"for":[97],"detection.":[99],"Second,":[100],"more":[101],"than":[102],"200":[103],"classical":[104],"latest":[106],"are":[110],"summarized":[111],"detail,":[113],"those":[115],"based":[116],"machine":[118],"vision,":[119],"LiDAR,":[120],"millimeter-wave":[121],"radar,":[122],"fusion.":[125],"Finally,":[126],"article":[128],"strengths":[131],"limitations":[133],"different":[135],"sensors,":[138],"proposes":[140],"future":[141],"trends.":[142]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}