{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4396856438","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24103030","title":"Image Classifier for an Online Footwear Marketplace to Distinguish between Counterfeit and Real Sneakers for Resale","display_name":"Image Classifier for an Online Footwear Marketplace to Distinguish between Counterfeit and Real Sneakers for Resale","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-05-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4396856438","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24103030","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38793887"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24103030","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24103030","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/10/3030/pdf?version=1715340863","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/10/3030/pdf?version=1715340863","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5097982665","display_name":"Joshua Onalaja","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12870472","display_name":"Birmingham City University","ror":"https://ror.org/00t67pt25","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12870472"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joshua Onalaja","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computing, Engineering and Built Environment, Birmingham City University, Birmingham B4 7RQ, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computing, Engineering and Built Environment, Birmingham City University, Birmingham B4 7RQ, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12870472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022205328","display_name":"Essa Q. Shahra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3668-6230"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12870472","display_name":"Birmingham City University","ror":"https://ror.org/00t67pt25","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12870472"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Essa Q. Shahra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computing, Engineering and Built Environment, Birmingham City University, Birmingham B4 7RQ, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3668-6230","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computing, Engineering and Built Environment, Birmingham City University, Birmingham B4 7RQ, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12870472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060045903","display_name":"Shadi Basurra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2316-094X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12870472","display_name":"Birmingham City University","ror":"https://ror.org/00t67pt25","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12870472"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shadi Basurra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computing, Engineering and Built Environment, Birmingham City University, Birmingham B4 7RQ, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computing, Engineering and Built Environment, Birmingham City University, Birmingham B4 7RQ, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12870472"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084963600","display_name":"Waheb A. Jabbar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5164-8403"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12870472","display_name":"Birmingham City University","ror":"https://ror.org/00t67pt25","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12870472"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Waheb A. Jabbar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computing, Engineering and Built Environment, Birmingham City University, Birmingham B4 7RQ, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5164-8403","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computing, Engineering and Built Environment, Birmingham City University, Birmingham B4 7RQ, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12870472"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5022205328","https://openalex.org/A5084963600"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12870472"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.1219,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78037628,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"10","first_page":"3030","last_page":"3030"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14319","display_name":"Currency Recognition and Detection","score":0.9872999787330627,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14319","display_name":"Currency Recognition and Detection","score":0.9872999787330627,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9842000007629395,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12388","display_name":"Identification and Quantification in Food","score":0.9728999733924866,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/counterfeit","display_name":"Counterfeit","score":0.8581314086914062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6415427923202515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5016193389892578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.482077419757843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.47185656428337097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.34514063596725464}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779356469","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q502918","display_name":"Counterfeit","level":2,"score":0.8581314086914062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6415427923202515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5016193389892578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.482077419757843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.47185656428337097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.34514063596725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24103030","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24103030","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/10/3030/pdf?version=1715340863","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38793887","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38793887","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.open-access.bcu.ac.uk:15544","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":"https://www.open-access.bcu.ac.uk/15544/1/sensors-24-03030.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402654","display_name":"BCU Open Access Repository (Birmingham City University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I12870472","host_organization_name":"Birmingham City University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12870472"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11124814","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11124814","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11124814/pdf/sensors-24-03030.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:76dd7cda7d83443cafd369dab7bc2e2a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/76dd7cda7d83443cafd369dab7bc2e2a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 24, Iss 10, p 3030 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24103030","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24103030","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/10/3030/pdf?version=1715340863","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.5699999928474426,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4396856438.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1523493493","https://openalex.org/W1984009801","https://openalex.org/W2061493395","https://openalex.org/W2104269704","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2176950688","https://openalex.org/W2393129636","https://openalex.org/W2779387062","https://openalex.org/W2782485997","https://openalex.org/W2784272016","https://openalex.org/W2788633781","https://openalex.org/W2793130633","https://openalex.org/W2914978454","https://openalex.org/W2946726629","https://openalex.org/W2947893277","https://openalex.org/W2951524386","https://openalex.org/W2990908986","https://openalex.org/W2995942064","https://openalex.org/W3000258254","https://openalex.org/W3004483087","https://openalex.org/W3014703635","https://openalex.org/W3036908895","https://openalex.org/W3038003980","https://openalex.org/W3047227759","https://openalex.org/W3112665491","https://openalex.org/W3130362871","https://openalex.org/W3132197188","https://openalex.org/W3158324689","https://openalex.org/W4231311175","https://openalex.org/W4239510810","https://openalex.org/W4387696729","https://openalex.org/W4388849875","https://openalex.org/W4392514192","https://openalex.org/W4392735176","https://openalex.org/W6735321554","https://openalex.org/W6772700688","https://openalex.org/W7010517670","https://openalex.org/W7056968935"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3191226418","https://openalex.org/W2357749344","https://openalex.org/W4323356230","https://openalex.org/W2362200800","https://openalex.org/W1539823648","https://openalex.org/W4290078996","https://openalex.org/W3113783116","https://openalex.org/W4372352523","https://openalex.org/W1579156572","https://openalex.org/W4233184255"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,167],"sneaker":[1,196],"industry":[2],"is":[3,119,190],"continuing":[4],"to":[5,29,84,100,113,148,162,193,204],"expand":[6],"at":[7,176],"a":[8,69,115,142,188,195],"fast":[9],"rate":[10],"and":[11,32,50,86,129,141,153,156,198],"will":[12,199],"be":[13,194,200],"worth":[14],"over":[15,185],"USD":[16],"120":[17],"billion":[18],"in":[19,26,59,109],"the":[20,105,127,135,171,180,205],"next":[21],"few":[22,70],"years.":[23],"This":[24,96],"is,":[25],"part":[27],"due":[28],"social":[30],"media":[31],"online":[33,64,110],"retailers":[34],"building":[35],"hype":[36],"around":[37],"releases":[38],"of":[39,151,201],"limited-edition":[40,54],"sneakers,":[41],"which":[42,118,164],"are":[43,56],"usually":[44],"collaborations":[45],"between":[46],"well-known":[47],"global":[48],"icons":[49],"footwear":[51],"companies.":[52],"These":[53],"sneakers":[55,103,155],"typically":[57],"released":[58],"low":[60],"quantities":[61],"using":[62],"an":[63,89,120],"raffle":[65],"system,":[66],"meaning":[67],"only":[68],"people":[71],"can":[72],"get":[73],"their":[74,82,158],"hands":[75],"on":[76],"them.":[77],"As":[78],"expected,":[79],"this":[80,177],"causes":[81],"value":[83],"skyrocket":[85],"has":[87,97],"created":[88],"extremely":[90],"lucrative":[91],"resale":[92,106],"market":[93],"for":[94],"sneakers.":[95],"given":[98],"rise":[99],"numerous":[101],"counterfeit":[102],"flooding":[104],"market,":[107],"resulting":[108],"platforms":[111],"having":[112],"hand-verify":[114],"sneaker's":[116],"authenticity,":[117],"important":[121],"but":[122],"time-consuming":[123],"procedure":[124],"that":[125,170],"slows":[126],"selling":[128],"buying":[130],"process.":[131],"To":[132],"speed":[133],"up":[134],"authentication":[136],"process,":[137],"Support":[138],"Vector":[139],"Machines":[140],"convolutional":[143],"neural":[144],"network":[145],"were":[146,160],"used":[147],"classify":[149],"images":[150],"fake":[152],"real":[154],"then":[157],"accuracies":[159,184],"compared":[161],"see":[163],"performed":[165,173],"better.":[166],"results":[168],"showed":[169],"CNNs":[172],"much":[174],"better":[175],"task":[178],"than":[179],"SVMs":[181],"with":[182],"some":[183],"95%.":[186],"Therefore,":[187],"CNN":[189],"well":[191],"equipped":[192],"authenticator":[197],"great":[202],"benefit":[203],"reselling":[206],"industry.":[207]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}