{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4396707125","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24102960","title":"Laser Tracker and Terrestrial Laser Scanner Range Error Evaluation by Stitching","display_name":"Laser Tracker and Terrestrial Laser Scanner Range Error Evaluation by Stitching","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-05-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4396707125","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24102960","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38793815"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24102960","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24102960","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/10/2960/pdf?version=1715081181","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/10/2960/pdf?version=1715081181","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044796363","display_name":"Bala Muralikrishnan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0313-9708"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321296531","display_name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xpvk416","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531","https://openalex.org/I1343035065"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bala Muralikrishnan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sensor Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sensor Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017502278","display_name":"Braden Czapla","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3248-2134"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321296531","display_name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xpvk416","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531","https://openalex.org/I1343035065"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Braden Czapla","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sensor Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sensor Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101484726","display_name":"Vincent Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3906-2658"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321296531","display_name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xpvk416","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531","https://openalex.org/I1343035065"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vincent Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sensor Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sensor Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049339564","display_name":"Craig M. Shakarji","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321296531","display_name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xpvk416","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531","https://openalex.org/I1343035065"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Craig Shakarji","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sensor Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sensor Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075219874","display_name":"Daniel Sawyer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2407-6708"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321296531","display_name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xpvk416","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531","https://openalex.org/I1343035065"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Sawyer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sensor Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sensor Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5096802396","display_name":"Matthias Saure","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthias Saure","raw_affiliation_strings":["Leica Geosystems AG, CH-5035 Unterentfelden, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Leica Geosystems AG, CH-5035 Unterentfelden, Switzerland","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5044796363"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.4945,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79241175,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"10","first_page":"2960","last_page":"2960"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11583","display_name":"Advanced Measurement and Metrology Techniques","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11583","display_name":"Advanced Measurement and Metrology Techniques","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11211","display_name":"3D Surveying and Cultural Heritage","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9943000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-stitching","display_name":"Image stitching","score":0.9486380815505981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser-tracker","display_name":"Laser tracker","score":0.9067010283470154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ranging","display_name":"Ranging","score":0.7423547506332397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6244800686836243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/length-measurement","display_name":"Length measurement","score":0.6146208047866821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.6133851408958435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser-scanning","display_name":"Laser scanning","score":0.5550777316093445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser","display_name":"Laser","score":0.5393834114074707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/observational-error","display_name":"Observational error","score":0.48209765553474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.4743986129760742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.44430670142173767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measuring-instrument","display_name":"Measuring instrument","score":0.4137760102748871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.34494107961654663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2998816967010498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.199203759431839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.18032968044281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.14143118262290955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.11931979656219482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.10598927736282349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.09263566136360168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerospace-engineering","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","score":0.08783760666847229}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29081049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1364242","display_name":"Image stitching","level":2,"score":0.9486380815505981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43210895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2447583","display_name":"Laser tracker","level":3,"score":0.9067010283470154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115051666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6522493","display_name":"Ranging","level":2,"score":0.7423547506332397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6244800686836243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21353171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6522493","display_name":"Length measurement","level":2,"score":0.6146208047866821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6133851408958435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141349535","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1361664","display_name":"Laser scanning","level":3,"score":0.5550777316093445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520434653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867","display_name":"Laser","level":2,"score":0.5393834114074707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19619285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q196372","display_name":"Observational error","level":2,"score":0.48209765553474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.4743986129760742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.44430670142173767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62646347","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2041172","display_name":"Measuring instrument","level":2,"score":0.4137760102748871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.34494107961654663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2998816967010498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.199203759431839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.18032968044281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.14143118262290955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11931979656219482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.10598927736282349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.09263566136360168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.08783760666847229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24102960","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24102960","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/10/2960/pdf?version=1715081181","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38793815","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38793815","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11125111","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11125111","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11125111/pdf/sensors-24-02960.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ef2222fa1779440fa1ec08d2b78bf7c9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ef2222fa1779440fa1ec08d2b78bf7c9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 24, Iss 10, p 2960 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24102960","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24102960","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/10/2960/pdf?version=1715081181","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4396707125.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W976375120","https://openalex.org/W1974545944","https://openalex.org/W2054895332","https://openalex.org/W2067435363","https://openalex.org/W2082203250","https://openalex.org/W2085432534","https://openalex.org/W2112577745","https://openalex.org/W2120735033","https://openalex.org/W2140688543","https://openalex.org/W2211390032","https://openalex.org/W2416596913","https://openalex.org/W2480971667","https://openalex.org/W2566780826","https://openalex.org/W2624890695","https://openalex.org/W2734987164","https://openalex.org/W2900730212","https://openalex.org/W2973792213","https://openalex.org/W2982862881","https://openalex.org/W3029667421","https://openalex.org/W3029878984","https://openalex.org/W3119759972","https://openalex.org/W3182041996","https://openalex.org/W3206880592","https://openalex.org/W4298367003","https://openalex.org/W6614058752","https://openalex.org/W6739402140"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2362772969","https://openalex.org/W4396707125","https://openalex.org/W4388830413","https://openalex.org/W4293056247","https://openalex.org/W153696130","https://openalex.org/W2046140837","https://openalex.org/W2386418312","https://openalex.org/W2326024338","https://openalex.org/W2370042379","https://openalex.org/W2378801368"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Laser":[0],"trackers":[1],"(LTs)":[2],"are":[3,21],"dimensional":[4,26],"measurement":[5,27,43,51],"instruments":[6,28,90],"commonly":[7,30],"employed":[8,31],"in":[9,32,107],"the":[10,85,99,153],"manufacture":[11],"and":[12,36,113,137,158],"assembly":[13],"of":[14,25,45,53,88,101,124,156],"large":[15],"structures.":[16],"Terrestrial":[17],"laser":[18],"scanners":[19],"(TLSs)":[20],"a":[22,125,138,148],"related":[23],"class":[24],"more":[29],"surveying,":[33],"reverse":[34],"engineering,":[35],"forensics.":[37],"Commercially":[38],"available":[39],"LTs":[40,157],"typically":[41],"have":[42],"ranges":[44,52],"up":[46],"to":[47,60,78,83,130,151],"80":[48],"m.":[49],"The":[50],"TLSs":[54],"vary":[55],"from":[56,121],"about":[57],"50":[58],"m":[59],"several":[61,70],"hundred":[62],"meters,":[63],"with":[64],"some":[65],"extending":[66],"as":[67,69],"far":[68],"kilometers.":[71],"It":[72],"is":[73,146],"difficult,":[74],"if":[75],"not":[76],"impossible,":[77],"construct":[79],"long":[80,118],"reference":[81,119,126],"lengths":[82,115,120],"evaluate":[84,131,152],"ranging":[86,154],"performances":[87,155],"these":[89,132],"over":[91],"that":[92,144],"distance.":[93],"In":[94],"this":[95],"context,":[96],"we":[97,142],"explore":[98],"use":[100],"stitching":[102,114,145],"errors":[103,106],"(i.e.,":[104,116],"stacking":[105],"adjoining":[108],"or":[109],"overlapping":[110],"short":[111],"lengths)":[112],"constructing":[117],"multiple":[122],"positions":[123],"instrument":[127],"by":[128],"registration)":[129],"instruments.":[133],"Through":[134],"experimental":[135],"data":[136],"discussion":[139],"on":[140],"uncertainty,":[141],"show":[143],"indeed":[147],"viable":[149],"option":[150],"TLSs.":[159]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T14:29:43.386196","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
