{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4394941954","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24082620","title":"Emotion Classification Based on Pulsatile Images Extracted from Short Facial Videos via Deep Learning","display_name":"Emotion Classification Based on Pulsatile Images Extracted from Short Facial Videos via Deep Learning","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-04-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4394941954","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24082620","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38676235"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24082620","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24082620","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/8/2620/pdf?version=1713529787","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/8/2620/pdf?version=1713529787","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092861219","display_name":"Shlomi Talala","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5936-6119"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124227911","display_name":"Ben-Gurion University of the Negev","ror":"https://ror.org/05tkyf982","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124227911"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shlomi Talala","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electro-Optics and Photonics Engineering, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5936-6119","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electro-Optics and Photonics Engineering, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124227911"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050163338","display_name":"Shaul Shvimmer","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124227911","display_name":"Ben-Gurion University of the Negev","ror":"https://ror.org/05tkyf982","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124227911"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaul Shvimmer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electro-Optics and Photonics Engineering, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electro-Optics and Photonics Engineering, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124227911"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020151996","display_name":"Rotem Simhon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9328-5601"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16391192","display_name":"Tel Aviv University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mhzgx49","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16391192"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rotem Simhon","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Psychology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 39040, Israel"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Psychology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 39040, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16391192"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079662533","display_name":"Michael Gilead","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7009-5223"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16391192","display_name":"Tel Aviv University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mhzgx49","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16391192"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Gilead","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Psychology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 39040, Israel"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Psychology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 39040, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16391192"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045386438","display_name":"Yitzhak Yitzhaky","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4974-9683"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124227911","display_name":"Ben-Gurion University of the Negev","ror":"https://ror.org/05tkyf982","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124227911"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yitzhak Yitzhaky","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electro-Optics and Photonics Engineering, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4974-9683","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electro-Optics and Photonics Engineering, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124227911"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5045386438"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124227911"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.68,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82436207,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"8","first_page":"2620","last_page":"2620"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9905999898910522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9905999898910522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9818000197410583,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13638","display_name":"Human auditory perception and evaluation","score":0.9563999772071838,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6777806878089905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.6052582263946533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5385502576828003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pulsatile-flow","display_name":"Pulsatile flow","score":0.5266886949539185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emotion-recognition","display_name":"Emotion recognition","score":0.5113810896873474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.505099356174469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-expression","display_name":"Facial expression","score":0.43579739332199097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4181496798992157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.3586445450782776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.14650565385818481}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6777806878089905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.6052582263946533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5385502576828003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79191276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7259620","display_name":"Pulsatile flow","level":2,"score":0.5266886949539185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777438025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1339090","display_name":"Emotion recognition","level":2,"score":0.5113810896873474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.505099356174469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195704467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327968","display_name":"Facial expression","level":2,"score":0.43579739332199097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4181496798992157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.3586445450782776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.14650565385818481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164705383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10379","display_name":"Cardiology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004644","descriptor_name":"Emotions","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004644","descriptor_name":"Emotions","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004644","descriptor_name":"Emotions","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004644","descriptor_name":"Emotions","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005145","descriptor_name":"Face","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005145","descriptor_name":"Face","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005145","descriptor_name":"Face","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005145","descriptor_name":"Face","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005149","descriptor_name":"Facial Expression","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005149","descriptor_name":"Facial Expression","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005149","descriptor_name":"Facial Expression","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005149","descriptor_name":"Facial Expression","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006339","descriptor_name":"Heart Rate","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006339","descriptor_name":"Heart Rate","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006339","descriptor_name":"Heart Rate","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006339","descriptor_name":"Heart Rate","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014741","descriptor_name":"Video Recording","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014741","descriptor_name":"Video Recording","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014741","descriptor_name":"Video Recording","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014741","descriptor_name":"Video Recording","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24082620","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24082620","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/8/2620/pdf?version=1713529787","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38676235","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38676235","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11053953","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11053953","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11053953/pdf/sensors-24-02620.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:99c2bd577b714479b8664bd563074a3f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/99c2bd577b714479b8664bd563074a3f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 24, Iss 8, p 2620 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24082620","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24082620","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/8/2620/pdf?version=1713529787","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4394941954.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1977500242","https://openalex.org/W2024218186","https://openalex.org/W2029334490","https://openalex.org/W2069692225","https://openalex.org/W2107503934","https://openalex.org/W2133059825","https://openalex.org/W2139570025","https://openalex.org/W2151786648","https://openalex.org/W2164598857","https://openalex.org/W2511386084","https://openalex.org/W2520509592","https://openalex.org/W2752234108","https://openalex.org/W2753954923","https://openalex.org/W2756452807","https://openalex.org/W2783626310","https://openalex.org/W2799041689","https://openalex.org/W2831797617","https://openalex.org/W2946948417","https://openalex.org/W2968915073","https://openalex.org/W2982083293","https://openalex.org/W3020447069","https://openalex.org/W3044651858","https://openalex.org/W3082196559","https://openalex.org/W3124054989","https://openalex.org/W3138516171","https://openalex.org/W3155551469","https://openalex.org/W3165015881","https://openalex.org/W3199687725","https://openalex.org/W3203381531","https://openalex.org/W3205108302","https://openalex.org/W4213388202","https://openalex.org/W4213437941","https://openalex.org/W4214602270","https://openalex.org/W4248562306","https://openalex.org/W4280538848","https://openalex.org/W4283740065","https://openalex.org/W4321234694","https://openalex.org/W4323569712","https://openalex.org/W4361026734","https://openalex.org/W4383873625","https://openalex.org/W4386530937","https://openalex.org/W4388751948","https://openalex.org/W4411441025","https://openalex.org/W6782293525","https://openalex.org/W6801267002"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2070116989","https://openalex.org/W1982466137","https://openalex.org/W4386383647","https://openalex.org/W2068076496","https://openalex.org/W3126677997","https://openalex.org/W1610857240","https://openalex.org/W2584926856","https://openalex.org/W2075935902","https://openalex.org/W2014713986","https://openalex.org/W3214419959"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Most":[0],"human":[1],"emotion":[2,64,148,193],"recognition":[3],"methods":[4],"largely":[5],"depend":[6],"on":[7,78],"classifying":[8],"stereotypical":[9,79],"facial":[10,17,51,80,87,101,177,222],"expressions":[11,18,81],"that":[12,188],"represent":[13],"emotions.":[14],"However,":[15],"such":[16],"do":[19],"not":[20],"necessarily":[21],"correspond":[22,29],"to":[23,30,95,248],"actual":[24],"emotional":[25,106,251],"states":[26,107,252],"and":[27,108,140,144,200,213,232],"may":[28,43,54],"communicative":[31],"intentions.":[32],"In":[33,90,115],"other":[34],"cases,":[35],"emotions":[36,74],"are":[37],"hidden,":[38],"cannot":[39],"be":[40],"expressed,":[41],"or":[42,82],"have":[44],"lower":[45],"arousal":[46],"manifested":[47],"by":[48,151],"less":[49],"pronounced":[50],"expressions,":[52],"as":[53,235],"occur":[55],"during":[56],"passive":[57],"video":[58,88],"viewing.":[59],"This":[60],"study":[61],"improves":[62],"an":[63,153,159,254],"classification":[65,149],"approach":[66],"developed":[67],"in":[68,171],"a":[69,124,131,146,261,269],"previous":[70,173],"study,":[71,174],"which":[72,122,175],"classifies":[73],"remotely":[75,96],"without":[76],"relying":[77],"contact-based":[83],"methods,":[84],"using":[85,158,260],"short":[86,186,221],"data.":[89,165],"this":[91,110,116],"approach,":[92],"we":[93,118,224],"desire":[94],"sense":[97],"transdermal":[98],"cardiovascular":[99],"spatiotemporal":[100,264],"patterns":[102],"associated":[103],"with":[104,164,206,238,253],"different":[105,207,239],"analyze":[109],"data":[111],"via":[112,130],"machine":[113],"learning.":[114],"paper,":[117],"propose":[119],"several":[120],"improvements,":[121],"include":[123],"better":[125,147],"remote":[126],"heart":[127],"rate":[128],"estimation":[129],"preliminary":[132],"skin":[133],"segmentation,":[134],"improvement":[135],"of":[136,179,258],"the":[137,168,172,190,220],"heartbeat":[138],"peaks":[139],"troughs":[141],"detection":[142],"process,":[143],"obtaining":[145],"accuracy":[150,257],"employing":[152],"appropriate":[154],"deep":[155],"learning":[156],"classifier":[157],"RGB":[160,271],"camera":[161],"input":[162,236,263],"only":[163],"We":[166],"used":[167],"dataset":[169],"obtained":[170,267],"contains":[176],"videos":[178,187],"110":[180],"participants":[181],"who":[182],"passively":[183],"viewed":[184],"150":[185],"elicited":[189],"following":[191],"five":[192],"types:":[194],"amusement,":[195],"disgust,":[196],"fear,":[197],"sexual":[198],"arousal,":[199],"no":[201],"emotion,":[202],"while":[203],"three":[204],"cameras":[205],"wavelength":[208],"sensitivities":[209],"(visible":[210],"spectrum,":[211],"near-infrared,":[212],"longwave":[214],"infrared)":[215],"recorded":[216],"them":[217,234],"simultaneously.":[218],"From":[219],"videos,":[223],"extracted":[225],"unique":[226],"high-resolution":[227],"spatiotemporal,":[228],"physiologically":[229],"affected":[230],"features":[231,237],"examined":[233],"deep-learning":[240],"approaches.":[241],"An":[242],"EfficientNet-B0":[243],"model":[244],"type":[245],"was":[246],"able":[247],"classify":[249],"participants'":[250],"overall":[255],"average":[256],"47.36%":[259],"single":[262],"feature":[265],"map":[266],"from":[268],"regular":[270],"camera.":[272]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}