{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4394932581","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24082595","title":"Action Recognition of Taekwondo Unit Actions Using Action Images Constructed with Time-Warped Motion Profiles","display_name":"Action Recognition of Taekwondo Unit Actions Using Action Images Constructed with Time-Warped Motion Profiles","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-04-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4394932581","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24082595","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38676211"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24082595","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24082595","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/8/2595/pdf?version=1713443153","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/8/2595/pdf?version=1713443153","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101442482","display_name":"Junghwan Lim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0343-3509"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junghwan Lim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Motion, Torooc Co., Ltd., Seoul 04585, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0343-3509","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Motion, Torooc Co., Ltd., Seoul 04585, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101298593","display_name":"Chenglong Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5500-7566"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24062138","display_name":"Konkuk University","ror":"https://ror.org/025h1m602","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24062138"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chenglong Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24062138"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086623271","display_name":"Seunghun Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2547-4793"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seunghun Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026982556","display_name":"Young Eun Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8330-2973"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197347611","display_name":"Korea University","ror":"https://ror.org/047dqcg40","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Young Eun Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Autonomous Mobility, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Autonomous Mobility, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085750592","display_name":"Hoeryong Jung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7080-6630"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24062138","display_name":"Konkuk University","ror":"https://ror.org/025h1m602","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24062138"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hoeryong Jung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7080-6630","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24062138"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5026982556","https://openalex.org/A5085750592"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197347611","https://openalex.org/I24062138"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.0692,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76960629,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"8","first_page":"2595","last_page":"2595"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10812","display_name":"Human Pose and Action Recognition","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10812","display_name":"Human Pose and Action Recognition","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11439","display_name":"Video Analysis and Summarization","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12290","display_name":"Human Motion and Animation","score":0.9884999990463257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/action","display_name":"Action (physics)","score":0.7218113541603088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/action-recognition","display_name":"Action recognition","score":0.624820351600647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motion","display_name":"Motion (physics)","score":0.5955196619033813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5112161636352539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4959305226802826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4880007803440094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motion-analysis","display_name":"Motion analysis","score":0.4294300675392151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.39570438861846924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.15643495321273804}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.7218113541603088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987834672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4677630","display_name":"Action recognition","level":3,"score":0.624820351600647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104114177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79782","display_name":"Motion (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5955196619033813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5112161636352539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4959305226802826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4880007803440094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777036941","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6917771","display_name":"Motion analysis","level":2,"score":0.4294300675392151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.39570438861846924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.15643495321273804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24082595","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24082595","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/8/2595/pdf?version=1713443153","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38676211","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38676211","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11055144","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11055144","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11055144/pdf/sensors-24-02595.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:31f47b17ba174824949daf5cff70adb8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/31f47b17ba174824949daf5cff70adb8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 24, Iss 8, p 2595 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24082595","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24082595","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/8/2595/pdf?version=1713443153","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.4300000071525574}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1837663403","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RS-2023-00237035","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2173667445","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018R1A5A7023490","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G581288114","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018R1A5A7023490","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335199","funder_display_name":"Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6245896211","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RS-2023-00237035","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321681","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7203771807","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RS-2023-00237035","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335199","funder_display_name":"Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8711743010","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018R1A5A7023490","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321372","display_name":"Konkuk University","ror":"https://ror.org/025h1m602"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321681","display_name":"Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/008nkqk13"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/01wpjm123"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335199","display_name":"Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning","ror":"https://ror.org/02zq38y32"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4394932581.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1195195153","https://openalex.org/W1215311137","https://openalex.org/W1669630834","https://openalex.org/W2593216298","https://openalex.org/W2619315488","https://openalex.org/W2738575313","https://openalex.org/W2898471894","https://openalex.org/W2954350473","https://openalex.org/W2962837596","https://openalex.org/W2963076818","https://openalex.org/W2972527328","https://openalex.org/W2996249958","https://openalex.org/W3004125835","https://openalex.org/W3008798487","https://openalex.org/W3036218864","https://openalex.org/W3040335046","https://openalex.org/W3082812650","https://openalex.org/W3092336341","https://openalex.org/W3096616479","https://openalex.org/W3197567964","https://openalex.org/W3198559682","https://openalex.org/W3203634062","https://openalex.org/W3204161309","https://openalex.org/W3205234370","https://openalex.org/W3211056676","https://openalex.org/W4200504110","https://openalex.org/W4211116393","https://openalex.org/W4213099034","https://openalex.org/W4220845706","https://openalex.org/W4221001776","https://openalex.org/W4221152513","https://openalex.org/W4280587517","https://openalex.org/W4281249524","https://openalex.org/W4283775680","https://openalex.org/W4288719294","https://openalex.org/W4297902769","https://openalex.org/W4311153863","https://openalex.org/W4312245820","https://openalex.org/W4313573916","https://openalex.org/W4327951474","https://openalex.org/W4380997409","https://openalex.org/W4385342469","https://openalex.org/W4386020602","https://openalex.org/W4386996527","https://openalex.org/W4392412596","https://openalex.org/W6628228489","https://openalex.org/W6808365136"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1576128429","https://openalex.org/W4311431118","https://openalex.org/W4382240674","https://openalex.org/W2055991023","https://openalex.org/W2104332279","https://openalex.org/W2269464716","https://openalex.org/W1978569796","https://openalex.org/W176798505","https://openalex.org/W2046491844","https://openalex.org/W2144481990"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Taekwondo":[0,23,55,76,148,193],"has":[1],"evolved":[2],"from":[3,146],"a":[4,16,61,99,104,118,143,157,161],"traditional":[5],"martial":[6],"art":[7],"into":[8],"an":[9,153,166],"official":[10],"Olympic":[11],"sport.":[12],"This":[13],"study":[14],"introduces":[15],"novel":[17],"action":[18,71,80,102],"recognition":[19],"model":[20,139],"tailored":[21],"for":[22],"unit":[24,34,77,101,194],"actions,":[25],"utilizing":[26],"joint-motion":[27,86],"data":[28,43],"acquired":[29],"via":[30],"wearable":[31],"inertial":[32],"measurement":[33],"(IMU)":[35],"sensors.":[36],"The":[37,57,134],"utilization":[38],"of":[39,47,54,98,112,131,136,155,159,163,169],"IMU":[40],"sensor-measured":[41],"motion":[42,96,124],"facilitates":[44],"the":[45,48,89,95,110,129,132,137,185],"capture":[46],"intricate":[49],"and":[50,165,189],"rapid":[51,113],"movements":[52,114],"characteristic":[53],"techniques.":[56],"model,":[58],"underpinned":[59],"by":[60,84],"conventional":[62],"convolutional":[63],"neural":[64],"network":[65],"(CNN)-based":[66],"image":[67],"classification":[68],"framework,":[69],"synthesizes":[70],"images":[72,81],"to":[73,128,178],"represent":[74],"individual":[75],"actions.":[78,195],"These":[79,171],"are":[82],"generated":[83],"mapping":[85],"profiles":[87,125],"onto":[88],"RGB":[90],"color":[91],"space,":[92],"thus":[93],"encapsulating":[94],"dynamics":[97],"single":[100],"within":[103,115],"solitary":[105],"image.":[106],"To":[107],"further":[108],"refine":[109],"representation":[111],"these":[116],"images,":[117],"time-warping":[119,175],"technique":[120],"was":[121,140],"applied,":[122],"adjusting":[123],"in":[126,191],"relation":[127],"velocity":[130],"action.":[133],"effectiveness":[135,190],"proposed":[138,186],"assessed":[141],"using":[142],"dataset":[144],"compiled":[145],"40":[147],"experts,":[149],"yielding":[150],"remarkable":[151],"outcomes:":[152],"accuracy":[154],"0.998,":[156],"precision":[158],"0.983,":[160],"recall":[162],"0.982,":[164],"F1":[167],"score":[168],"0.982.":[170],"results":[172],"underscore":[173],"this":[174],"technique's":[176],"contribution":[177],"enhancing":[179],"feature":[180],"representation,":[181],"as":[182,184],"well":[183],"method's":[187],"scalability":[188],"recognizing":[192]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-28T08:01:55.173337","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
