{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4394846989","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24082545","title":"Pupil Response in Visual Tracking Tasks: The Impacts of Task Load, Familiarity, and Gaze Position","display_name":"Pupil Response in Visual Tracking Tasks: The Impacts of Task Load, Familiarity, and Gaze Position","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-04-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4394846989","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24082545","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38676162"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24082545","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24082545","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/8/2545/pdf?version=1713254897","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/8/2545/pdf?version=1713254897","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103006498","display_name":"Yun Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6501-310X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154425047","display_name":"University of Alberta","ror":"https://ror.org/0160cpw27","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yun Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111174448","display_name":"Zhongshi Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154425047","display_name":"University of Alberta","ror":"https://ror.org/0160cpw27","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhongshi Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5836-7257","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100446933","display_name":"Yao Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5371-2392"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154425047","display_name":"University of Alberta","ror":"https://ror.org/0160cpw27","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yao Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5371-2392","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076864270","display_name":"Bin Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3476-5936"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154425047","display_name":"University of Alberta","ror":"https://ror.org/0160cpw27","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bin Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3476-5936","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036038928","display_name":"Farzad Aghazadeh","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154425047","display_name":"University of Alberta","ror":"https://ror.org/0160cpw27","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Farzad Aghazadeh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4377-7595","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5036038928"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":3.3115,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91619974,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"8","first_page":"2545","last_page":"2545"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11516","display_name":"Visual and Cognitive Learning Processes","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11904","display_name":"Spatial Cognition and Navigation","score":0.9702000021934509,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaze","display_name":"Gaze","score":0.8899478316307068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-tracking","display_name":"Eye tracking","score":0.727708101272583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.6969232559204102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pupil","display_name":"Pupil","score":0.6531324982643127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/position","display_name":"Position (finance)","score":0.573130190372467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.5617409944534302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.512010395526886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pupillary-response","display_name":"Pupillary response","score":0.5063337087631226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.47817522287368774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4534261226654053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.41838985681533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.4147953689098358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pupil-diameter","display_name":"Pupil diameter","score":0.41166672110557556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.34374868869781494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.22067847847938538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.06312975287437439}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779916870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14467155","display_name":"Gaze","level":2,"score":0.8899478316307068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56461940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970687","display_name":"Eye tracking","level":2,"score":0.727708101272583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.6969232559204102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777394604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173318","display_name":"Pupil","level":2,"score":0.6531324982643127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198082294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3399648","display_name":"Position (finance)","level":2,"score":0.573130190372467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.5617409944534302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.512010395526886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149288182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7260673","display_name":"Pupillary response","level":3,"score":0.5063337087631226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.47817522287368774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4534261226654053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.41838985681533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4147953689098358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987277156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173318","display_name":"Pupil diameter","level":3,"score":0.41166672110557556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.34374868869781494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.22067847847938538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.06312975287437439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000084542","descriptor_name":"Eye-Tracking Technology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000084542","descriptor_name":"Eye-Tracking Technology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000084542","descriptor_name":"Eye-Tracking Technology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000084542","descriptor_name":"Eye-Tracking Technology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005133","descriptor_name":"Eye Movements","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005133","descriptor_name":"Eye Movements","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005133","descriptor_name":"Eye Movements","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005133","descriptor_name":"Eye Movements","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005403","descriptor_name":"Fixation, Ocular","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005403","descriptor_name":"Fixation, Ocular","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005403","descriptor_name":"Fixation, Ocular","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005403","descriptor_name":"Fixation, Ocular","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011680","descriptor_name":"Pupil","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011680","descriptor_name":"Pupil","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011680","descriptor_name":"Pupil","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011680","descriptor_name":"Pupil","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24082545","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24082545","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/8/2545/pdf?version=1713254897","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38676162","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38676162","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11054646","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11054646","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:fc5e44222e7d4bf29c41ae6ee42a0e32","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/fc5e44222e7d4bf29c41ae6ee42a0e32","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 24, Iss 8, p 2545 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24082545","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24082545","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/8/2545/pdf?version=1713254897","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.7099999785423279}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1047269914","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"202106370009","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322725","funder_display_name":"China Scholarship Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322725","display_name":"China Scholarship Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04atp4p48"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4394846989.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1907557225","https://openalex.org/W1965657915","https://openalex.org/W1974975426","https://openalex.org/W1976109055","https://openalex.org/W1976339519","https://openalex.org/W1979364392","https://openalex.org/W2062242288","https://openalex.org/W2069918525","https://openalex.org/W2111397982","https://openalex.org/W2119643714","https://openalex.org/W2125118056","https://openalex.org/W2133906864","https://openalex.org/W2141936912","https://openalex.org/W2166325560","https://openalex.org/W2176931352","https://openalex.org/W2397434427","https://openalex.org/W2791944851","https://openalex.org/W2793138952","https://openalex.org/W2810254448","https://openalex.org/W2902152078","https://openalex.org/W3041508337","https://openalex.org/W3094520946","https://openalex.org/W3100515235","https://openalex.org/W4291157407","https://openalex.org/W4293156092","https://openalex.org/W4391344545","https://openalex.org/W4391360094","https://openalex.org/W4392382371","https://openalex.org/W4399638940","https://openalex.org/W6676708419","https://openalex.org/W6860845058","https://openalex.org/W6868928572"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2172201717","https://openalex.org/W2108893248","https://openalex.org/W2313237523","https://openalex.org/W3175462501","https://openalex.org/W3164248432","https://openalex.org/W2331254805","https://openalex.org/W2589291779","https://openalex.org/W4404534449","https://openalex.org/W2003985871","https://openalex.org/W4311136131"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Pupil":[0,86],"size":[1,42,87,140,198,210,225],"is":[2],"a":[3,34,50,92,145,156,228],"significant":[4,194],"biosignal":[5],"for":[6,76],"human":[7],"behavior":[8],"monitoring":[9],"and":[10,26,59,119,138,190,211,235],"can":[11],"reveal":[12],"much":[13],"underlying":[14],"information.":[15],"This":[16,238],"study":[17,221],"explored":[18],"the":[19,67,117,169,202],"effects":[20,121],"of":[21,122,176,230],"task":[22,24,46,57,81,84,152,170,177,231,233],"load,":[23,47,134,232],"familiarity,":[25,58,234],"gaze":[27,204,236],"position":[28],"on":[29,64,125],"pupil":[30,41,127,139,159,197,209,224],"response":[31],"during":[32],"learning":[33,80],"visual":[35],"tracking":[36,79],"task.":[37],"We":[38,149],"hypothesized":[39],"that":[40,151,243],"would":[43],"increase":[44,60],"with":[45,56,82],"up":[48],"to":[49,115,166],"certain":[51],"level":[52],"before":[53],"decreasing,":[54],"decrease":[55],"more":[61],"when":[62],"focusing":[63],"areas":[65],"preceding":[66],"target":[68],"than":[69],"other":[70],"areas.":[71],"Fifteen":[72],"participants":[73],"were":[74,89,185],"recruited":[75],"an":[77,216],"arrow":[78],"incremental":[83],"load.":[85],"data":[88],"collected":[90],"using":[91,111,144],"Tobii":[93],"Pro":[94],"Nano":[95],"eye":[96],"tracker.":[97],"A":[98],"2":[99],"\u00d7":[100,102],"3":[101],"5":[103],"three-way":[104],"factorial":[105],"repeated":[106],"measures":[107],"ANOVA":[108],"was":[109,141,164,199],"conducted":[110],"R":[112],"(version":[113],"4.2.1)":[114],"evaluate":[116],"main":[118,174],"interactive":[120],"key":[123],"variables":[124],"adjusted":[126],"size.":[128],"The":[129,173,206],"association":[130],"between":[131,208],"individuals'":[132],"cognitive":[133,212],"assessed":[135],"by":[136],"NASA-TLX,":[137],"further":[142],"analyzed":[143],"linear":[146],"mixed-effect":[147],"model.":[148],"found":[150,165],"repetition":[153],"resulted":[154],"in":[155,158,187,196],"reduction":[157],"size;":[160],"however,":[161],"this":[162],"effect":[163,175],"diminish":[167],"as":[168,227],"load":[171,178,213],"increased.":[172],"approached":[179],"statistical":[180],"significance,":[181],"but":[182],"different":[183],"trends":[184],"observed":[186],"trial":[188,191],"1":[189],"2.":[192],"No":[193],"difference":[195],"detected":[200],"among":[201],"three":[203],"positions.":[205],"relationship":[207],"overall":[214],"followed":[215],"inverted":[217],"U":[218],"curve.":[219],"Our":[220],"showed":[222],"how":[223],"changes":[226],"function":[229],"scanning.":[237],"finding":[239],"provides":[240],"sensory":[241],"evidence":[242],"could":[244],"improve":[245],"educational":[246],"outcomes.":[247]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}