{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4394755415","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24082459","title":"Emission Spectroscopy-Based Sensor System to Correlate the In-Cylinder Combustion Temperature of a Diesel Engine to NOx Emissions","display_name":"Emission Spectroscopy-Based Sensor System to Correlate the In-Cylinder Combustion Temperature of a Diesel Engine to NOx Emissions","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-04-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4394755415","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24082459","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38676076"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24082459","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24082459","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/8/2459/pdf?version=1712893667","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/8/2459/pdf?version=1712893667","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5095378573","display_name":"J\u00fcrgen Wultschner","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I206895457","display_name":"University of Siegen","ror":"https://ror.org/02azyry73","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I206895457"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J\u00fcrgen Wultschner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Sensor Systems (ZESS), University of Siegen, D-57076 Siegen, Germany","Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics, University of Siegen, D-57076 Siegen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Sensor Systems (ZESS), University of Siegen, D-57076 Siegen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I206895457"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics, University of Siegen, D-57076 Siegen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I206895457"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Ingo Schmitz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8826-2956"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I206895457","display_name":"University of Siegen","ror":"https://ror.org/02azyry73","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I206895457"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ingo Schmitz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Sensor Systems (ZESS), University of Siegen, D-57076 Siegen, Germany","Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics, University of Siegen, D-57076 Siegen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8826-2956","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Sensor Systems (ZESS), University of Siegen, D-57076 Siegen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I206895457"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics, University of Siegen, D-57076 Siegen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I206895457"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083328810","display_name":"Stephan R\u00e9vidat","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210109996","display_name":"Hyundai Motors (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/01s2j5a22","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197312522","https://openalex.org/I4210109996","https://openalex.org/I49946491"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephan R\u00e9vidat","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hyundai Motor Europe Technical Center GmbH, D-65428 R\u00fcsselsheim, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hyundai Motor Europe Technical Center GmbH, D-65428 R\u00fcsselsheim, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210109996"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017986911","display_name":"Johannes Ullrich","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0471-7004"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210109996","display_name":"Hyundai Motors (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/01s2j5a22","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197312522","https://openalex.org/I4210109996","https://openalex.org/I49946491"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Johannes Ullrich","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hyundai Motor Europe Technical Center GmbH, D-65428 R\u00fcsselsheim, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hyundai Motor Europe Technical Center GmbH, D-65428 R\u00fcsselsheim, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210109996"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070650678","display_name":"Thomas Seeger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9145-5910"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I206895457","display_name":"University of Siegen","ror":"https://ror.org/02azyry73","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I206895457"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Seeger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Sensor Systems (ZESS), University of Siegen, D-57076 Siegen, Germany","Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics, University of Siegen, D-57076 Siegen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9145-5910","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Sensor Systems (ZESS), University of Siegen, D-57076 Siegen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I206895457"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics, University of Siegen, D-57076 Siegen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I206895457"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I206895457"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.02077524,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"8","first_page":"2459","last_page":"2459"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11111","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Laser Applications","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1607","display_name":"Spectroscopy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11111","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Laser Applications","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1607","display_name":"Spectroscopy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10117","display_name":"Advanced Combustion Engine Technologies","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1507","display_name":"Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/15","display_name":"Chemical Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10461","display_name":"Gas Sensing Nanomaterials and Sensors","score":0.993399977684021,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nox","display_name":"NOx","score":0.9007865190505981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combustion","display_name":"Combustion","score":0.721590518951416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diesel-engine","display_name":"Diesel engine","score":0.6722033023834229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diesel-fuel","display_name":"Diesel fuel","score":0.5607492923736572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cylinder","display_name":"Cylinder","score":0.54679936170578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.46750175952911377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering","display_name":"Automotive engineering","score":0.450531005859375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectroscopy","display_name":"Spectroscopy","score":0.4298154413700104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diesel-exhaust","display_name":"Diesel exhaust","score":0.4102190434932709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/analytical-chemistry","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry (journal)","score":0.39405158162117004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.3600819706916809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.35815683007240295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-chemistry","display_name":"Environmental chemistry","score":0.3252381682395935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.23811393976211548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-engineering","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","score":0.15613996982574463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.13726603984832764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organic-chemistry","display_name":"Organic chemistry","score":0.08508577942848206}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203032635","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20962970","display_name":"NOx","level":3,"score":0.9007865190505981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105923489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133235","display_name":"Combustion","level":2,"score":0.721590518951416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780804531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174174","display_name":"Diesel engine","level":2,"score":0.6722033023834229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138171918","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38423","display_name":"Diesel fuel","level":2,"score":0.5607492923736572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203311528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34132","display_name":"Cylinder","level":2,"score":0.54679936170578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.46750175952911377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.450531005859375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32891209","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483666","display_name":"Spectroscopy","level":2,"score":0.4298154413700104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3432839","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336041","display_name":"Diesel exhaust","level":3,"score":0.4102190434932709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113196181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485223","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry (journal)","level":2,"score":0.39405158162117004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.3600819706916809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.35815683007240295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107872376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q321355","display_name":"Environmental chemistry","level":1,"score":0.3252381682395935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.23811393976211548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.15613996982574463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.13726603984832764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.08508577942848206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24082459","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24082459","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/8/2459/pdf?version=1712893667","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38676076","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38676076","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11054896","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11054896","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11054896/pdf/sensors-24-02459.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f1079b9de95a4eaa90a13016ef460d6a","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f1079b9de95a4eaa90a13016ef460d6a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 24, Iss 8, p 2459 (2024)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/24/8/2459/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24082459","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24082459","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24082459","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/8/2459/pdf?version=1712893667","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8799999952316284,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4394755415.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4394755415.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1552964799","https://openalex.org/W1552996837","https://openalex.org/W1598846712","https://openalex.org/W1973888947","https://openalex.org/W1977912506","https://openalex.org/W1982425036","https://openalex.org/W2010939604","https://openalex.org/W2015346870","https://openalex.org/W2017906586","https://openalex.org/W2028286146","https://openalex.org/W2041397192","https://openalex.org/W2046844349","https://openalex.org/W2046928204","https://openalex.org/W2048135056","https://openalex.org/W2052989015","https://openalex.org/W2073275035","https://openalex.org/W2076861934","https://openalex.org/W2077074281","https://openalex.org/W2087070363","https://openalex.org/W2093865563","https://openalex.org/W2094422388","https://openalex.org/W2117048761","https://openalex.org/W2120006161","https://openalex.org/W2134028877","https://openalex.org/W2140055601","https://openalex.org/W2158992098","https://openalex.org/W2224699730","https://openalex.org/W2241761449","https://openalex.org/W2281073378","https://openalex.org/W2343183232","https://openalex.org/W2566548178","https://openalex.org/W2735393575","https://openalex.org/W2774990426","https://openalex.org/W2996701904","https://openalex.org/W3007134180","https://openalex.org/W3123116900","https://openalex.org/W4206299057","https://openalex.org/W4308572080","https://openalex.org/W4312117543"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2319645359","https://openalex.org/W3201969231","https://openalex.org/W2350076720","https://openalex.org/W2168432978","https://openalex.org/W2263586979","https://openalex.org/W2353560423","https://openalex.org/W2966437798","https://openalex.org/W1985164853","https://openalex.org/W2373990189","https://openalex.org/W1968152974"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Due":[0],"to":[1],"a":[2,22,35,43,52,65,74,94],"rising":[3],"importance":[4],"of":[5,8,17,25,34,68,90,96],"the":[6,15,31,78,82,87,91,112],"reduction":[7],"pollutant,":[9],"produced":[10],"by":[11],"conventional":[12],"energy":[13],"technologies,":[14],"knowledge":[16],"pollutant":[18],"forming":[19],"processes":[20],"during":[21,93],"combustion":[23],"is":[24,40,59],"great":[26],"interest.":[27],"In":[28],"this":[29],"study":[30],"in-cylinder":[32,113],"temperature,":[33],"near":[36],"series":[37],"diesel":[38],"engine,":[39,92],"examined":[41],"with":[42,64],"minimal":[44],"invasive":[45],"emission":[46],"spectroscopy":[47],"sensor.":[48],"The":[49,71],"soot,":[50],"nearly":[51],"black":[53],"body":[54],"radiator,":[55],"emits":[56],"light,":[57],"which":[58],"spectrally":[60],"detected":[61],"and":[62,81,106],"evaluated":[63],"modified":[66],"function":[67],"Planck\u2019s":[69],"law.":[70],"results":[72],"show":[73],"good":[75],"correlation":[76],"between":[77,103],"determined":[79],"temperatures":[80],"NOx":[83],"concentration,":[84],"measured":[85],"in":[86],"exhaust":[88],"gas":[89],"variety":[95],"engine":[97],"operating":[98],"points.":[99],"A":[100],"standard":[101],"deviation":[102],"25":[104],"K":[105,108],"49":[107],"was":[109],"obtained":[110],"for":[111],"temperature":[114],"measurements.":[115]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-30T17:31:21.811387","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}