{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4394693790","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24082419","title":"Point Sensor Networks Struggle to Detect and Quantify Short Controlled Releases at Oil and Gas Sites","display_name":"Point Sensor Networks Struggle to Detect and Quantify Short Controlled Releases at Oil and Gas Sites","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-04-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4394693790","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24082419","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38676036"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24082419","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24082419","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/8/2419/pdf?version=1712746068","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/8/2419/pdf?version=1712746068","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042397652","display_name":"Rachel Day","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9331-1603"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92446798","display_name":"Colorado State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03k1gpj17","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rachel Elizabeth Day","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Systems Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA","Energy Institute, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80524, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9331-1603","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Systems Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Energy Institute, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80524, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004540739","display_name":"Ethan Emerson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0350-3810"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92446798","display_name":"Colorado State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03k1gpj17","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ethan Emerson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Energy Institute, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80524, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0350-3810","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Energy Institute, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80524, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088295068","display_name":"Clay Bell","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5497-2073"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Clay Bell","raw_affiliation_strings":["BPX Energy, Denver, CO 80202, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"BPX Energy, Denver, CO 80202, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011126117","display_name":"Daniel Zimmerle","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2832-048X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92446798","display_name":"Colorado State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03k1gpj17","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Zimmerle","raw_affiliation_strings":["Energy Institute, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80524, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Energy Institute, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80524, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5011126117"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":4.5971,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95211557,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"8","first_page":"2419","last_page":"2419"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11588","display_name":"Atmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11588","display_name":"Atmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10894","display_name":"Groundwater flow and contamination studies","score":0.984499990940094,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11371","display_name":"Wind and Air Flow Studies","score":0.9783999919891357,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.5767601132392883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/upstream","display_name":"Upstream (networking)","score":0.41800397634506226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/analytical-chemistry","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry (journal)","score":0.39843639731407166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-engineering","display_name":"Environmental engineering","score":0.3951348662376404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hydrology","display_name":"Hydrology (agriculture)","score":0.36245429515838623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.33718883991241455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.3231395483016968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.18509367108345032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-chemistry","display_name":"Environmental chemistry","score":0.1402115523815155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.13074266910552979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.10293427109718323}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5767601132392883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191172861","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7899321","display_name":"Upstream (networking)","level":2,"score":0.41800397634506226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113196181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485223","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry (journal)","level":2,"score":0.39843639731407166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87717796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146326","display_name":"Environmental engineering","level":1,"score":0.3951348662376404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76886044","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2883300","display_name":"Hydrology (agriculture)","level":2,"score":0.36245429515838623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.33718883991241455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.3231395483016968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.18509367108345032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107872376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q321355","display_name":"Environmental chemistry","level":1,"score":0.1402115523815155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.13074266910552979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.10293427109718323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24082419","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24082419","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/8/2419/pdf?version=1712746068","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38676036","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38676036","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11054334","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11054334","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11054334/pdf/sensors-24-02419.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:56658f843a0c4dc292af669b6a8160f2","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/56658f843a0c4dc292af669b6a8160f2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 24, Iss 8, p 2419 (2024)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:2335929","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/2335929","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:2473181","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/2473181","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24082419","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24082419","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/8/2419/pdf?version=1712746068","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5363348362","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-FE0031873","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8128769784","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-FE0031873","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332353","funder_display_name":"Office of Fossil Energy"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/01bj3aw27"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332353","display_name":"Office of Fossil Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/03ery9d53"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4394693790.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2018546748","https://openalex.org/W2060747634","https://openalex.org/W2156092401","https://openalex.org/W2266293701","https://openalex.org/W2734521584","https://openalex.org/W2904255904","https://openalex.org/W2918780762","https://openalex.org/W2965229741","https://openalex.org/W2988600867","https://openalex.org/W3024852662","https://openalex.org/W3039476737","https://openalex.org/W3043064577","https://openalex.org/W3082940560","https://openalex.org/W3144990628","https://openalex.org/W3153448983","https://openalex.org/W3172331002","https://openalex.org/W3187580681","https://openalex.org/W4220920296","https://openalex.org/W4298006406","https://openalex.org/W4298006471","https://openalex.org/W4310117858","https://openalex.org/W4320922375","https://openalex.org/W4321768173","https://openalex.org/W4361221662","https://openalex.org/W4367669410","https://openalex.org/W4378966352","https://openalex.org/W4382362038","https://openalex.org/W4391647576","https://openalex.org/W6853178019"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W3187420948","https://openalex.org/W3123355452","https://openalex.org/W3210221758","https://openalex.org/W4285731965","https://openalex.org/W1986201149","https://openalex.org/W1542687308","https://openalex.org/W1994860370","https://openalex.org/W3122765074"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1,182],"evaluated":[2],"multiple":[3],"commercially":[4],"available":[5],"continuous":[6],"monitoring":[7],"(CM)":[8],"point":[9],"sensor":[10],"network":[11],"(PSN)":[12],"solutions":[13,78,106],"under":[14],"single-blind":[15],"controlled":[16],"release":[17,62],"testing":[18],"conducted":[19],"at":[20,88,145,189],"operational":[21],"upstream":[22],"and":[23,26,44,64,148,164],"midstream":[24],"oil":[25],"natural":[27],"gas":[28],"(O&G)":[29],"sites.":[30],"During":[31],"releases,":[32,80],"PSNs":[33],"reported":[34,66],"site-level":[35,51,113,170,187],"emission":[36,52,67,114,171],"rate":[37,53,63,68,115,172],"estimates":[38,54,116],"of":[39,46,83,102,159,180,186,192],"0":[40],"kg/h":[41,179],"between":[42,60],"38":[43],"86%":[45],"the":[47,61,65,84,94,118,168,181,190,193],"time.":[48],"When":[49],"non-zero":[50],"were":[55,91,176],"provided,":[56],"no":[57],"linear":[58],"correlation":[59],"estimate":[69,185],"was":[70,143],"observed.":[71],"The":[72],"average,":[73],"aggregated":[74],"across":[75,161],"all":[76,162,167],"PSN":[77,105],"during":[79,108],"shows":[81],"5%":[82],"mixing":[85],"ratio":[86],"readings":[87],"downwind":[89],"sensors":[90],"greater":[92],"than":[93],"site's":[95],"baseline":[96],"plus":[97],"two":[98],"standard":[99],"deviations.":[100],"Four":[101],"seven":[103],"total":[104],"tested":[107],"this":[109],"field":[110],"campaign":[111],"provided":[112],"with":[117,155],"site":[119],"average":[120,158],"relative":[121],"error":[122],"ranging":[123],"from":[124],"-100%":[125,131],"to":[126,132,150],"24%":[127],"for":[128,134,138,152],"solution":[129,135,139,153],"D,":[130],"-43%":[133],"E,":[136],"-25%":[137],"F":[140,142],"(solution":[141],"only":[144,174],"one":[146],"site),":[147],"-99%":[149],"430%":[151],"G,":[154],"an":[156],"overall":[157],"-29%":[160],"sites":[163],"solutions.":[165],"Of":[166],"individual":[169],"estimates,":[173],"11%":[175],"within":[177],"\u00b12.5":[178],"team's":[183],"best":[184],"emissions":[188],"time":[191],"releases.":[194]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-06-27T08:28:00.272161","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}