{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4394686599","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24082414","title":"3MSF: A Multi-Modal Adaptation of the 6TiSCH Minimal Scheduling Function for the Industrial IoT","display_name":"3MSF: A Multi-Modal Adaptation of the 6TiSCH Minimal Scheduling Function for the Industrial IoT","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-04-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4394686599","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24082414","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38676033"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24082414","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24082414","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/8/2414/pdf?version=1712740230","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/8/2414/pdf?version=1712740230","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042986709","display_name":"Robbe Elsas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4427-6987"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Robbe Elsas","raw_affiliation_strings":["IDLab, Department of Information Technology, Ghent University\u2014imec, 9052 Ghent, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4427-6987","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IDLab, Department of Information Technology, Ghent University\u2014imec, 9052 Ghent, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075026330","display_name":"Dries Van Leemput","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1910-8965"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dries Van Leemput","raw_affiliation_strings":["IDLab, Department of Information Technology, Ghent University\u2014imec, 9052 Ghent, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1910-8965","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IDLab, Department of Information Technology, Ghent University\u2014imec, 9052 Ghent, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022588449","display_name":"Jeroen Hoebeke","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2039-007X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeroen Hoebeke","raw_affiliation_strings":["IDLab, Department of Information Technology, Ghent University\u2014imec, 9052 Ghent, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2039-007X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IDLab, Department of Information Technology, Ghent University\u2014imec, 9052 Ghent, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026442244","display_name":"Eli De Poorter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0214-5751"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eli De Poorter","raw_affiliation_strings":["IDLab, Department of Information Technology, Ghent University\u2014imec, 9052 Ghent, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0214-5751","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IDLab, Department of Information Technology, Ghent University\u2014imec, 9052 Ghent, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5042986709"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":0.6423,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.6734761,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"8","first_page":"2414","last_page":"2414"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10080","display_name":"Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10080","display_name":"Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12216","display_name":"Network Time Synchronization Technologies","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ipv6","display_name":"IPv6","score":0.7317436933517456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.7083394527435303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6742079854011536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheduling","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","score":0.6299146413803101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.5589035749435425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modal","display_name":"Modal","score":0.4892694652080536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing-protocol","display_name":"Routing protocol","score":0.4596729874610901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/link-layer","display_name":"Link layer","score":0.45005321502685547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.44970980286598206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-protocol","display_name":"Internet Protocol","score":0.43767938017845154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.41478773951530457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","score":0.37438273429870605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.3365318775177002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.21617808938026428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-packet","display_name":"Network packet","score":0.20696604251861572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.19354748725891113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.08473286032676697}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84555802","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2551624","display_name":"IPv6","level":3,"score":0.7317436933517456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.7083394527435303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6742079854011536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.6299146413803101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5589035749435425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71139939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q910194","display_name":"Modal","level":2,"score":0.4892694652080536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104954878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1648707","display_name":"Routing protocol","level":3,"score":0.4596729874610901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12570599","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2891044","display_name":"Link layer","level":3,"score":0.45005321502685547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.44970980286598206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35341882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8795","display_name":"Internet Protocol","level":3,"score":0.43767938017845154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.41478773951530457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.37438273429870605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3365318775177002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.21617808938026428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.20696604251861572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.19354748725891113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.08473286032676697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188027245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750446","display_name":"Polymer chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24082414","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24082414","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/8/2414/pdf?version=1712740230","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38676033","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38676033","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:archive.ugent.be:01HXRMENK0TG6ZXBC1Q2781637","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/01HXRMENK0TG6ZXBC1Q2781637","pdf_url":"https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/01HXRMENK0TG6ZXBC1Q2781637/file/01HXRMG1E4M8EBFG6NY4H1PPW4.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400478","display_name":"Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","host_organization_name":"Ghent University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISSN: 1424-8220","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11054304","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11054304","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11054304/pdf/sensors-24-02414.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:549d5cea6a7b48e3be53ed0b466f4df3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/549d5cea6a7b48e3be53ed0b466f4df3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 24, Iss 8, p 2414 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24082414","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24082414","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/8/2414/pdf?version=1712740230","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6200000047683716,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8687391060","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"95027","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321730","funder_display_name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321730","display_name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","ror":"https://ror.org/03qtxy027"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327336","display_name":"Vlaamse regering","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4394686599.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2024754193","https://openalex.org/W2087356051","https://openalex.org/W2269222209","https://openalex.org/W2292068203","https://openalex.org/W2325877089","https://openalex.org/W2540201921","https://openalex.org/W2900379240","https://openalex.org/W3006280835","https://openalex.org/W3093965613","https://openalex.org/W3170939004","https://openalex.org/W4213054959","https://openalex.org/W4281254368","https://openalex.org/W4353038797"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2033347526","https://openalex.org/W2154478511","https://openalex.org/W4234451713","https://openalex.org/W2061699822","https://openalex.org/W2521264178","https://openalex.org/W3037906321","https://openalex.org/W3099995967","https://openalex.org/W2563040182","https://openalex.org/W4327926374","https://openalex.org/W2026609766"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Although":[0],"wireless":[1],"devices":[2],"continuously":[3],"gain":[4],"communication":[5],"capabilities,":[6],"even":[7],"state-of-the-art":[8],"Industrial":[9],"Internet":[10,17],"of":[11,28,53,61,147],"Things":[12],"(IIoT)":[13],"architectures,":[14],"such":[15],"as":[16],"Protocol":[18],"version":[19],"6":[20],"over":[21],"the":[22,47,72,79,89,127,143],"Time-Slotted":[23],"Channel":[24],"Hopping":[25],"(TSCH)":[26],"mode":[27],"IEEE":[29],"802.15.4":[30],"(6TiSCH),":[31],"continue":[32],"to":[33,44,98],"use":[34],"network-wide,":[35],"fixed":[36],"link":[37,81],"configurations.":[38],"This":[39,117],"presents":[40],"a":[41,94,105],"missed":[42],"opportunity":[43],"(1)":[45],"forego":[46],"need":[48],"for":[49,78],"rigorous":[50],"manual":[51],"setup":[52],"new":[54],"deployments;":[55],"and":[56,113,125,145],"(2)":[57],"provide":[58],"full":[59],"coverage":[60],"particularly":[62],"heterogeneous":[63],"and/or":[64],"dynamic":[65],"industrial":[66],"sites.":[67],"As":[68],"such,":[69],"we":[70,134],"devised":[71],"Multi-Modal":[73],"Minimal":[74],"Scheduling":[75],"Function":[76],"(3MSF)":[77],"TSCH":[80],"layer,":[82,91],"which,":[83],"combined":[84],"with":[85],"previous":[86],"work":[87],"on":[88,104],"routing":[90,114],"results":[92],"in":[93,120],"6TiSCH":[95,149],"architecture":[96],"able":[97],"dynamically":[99],"exploit":[100],"modern":[101],"multi-modal":[102],"hardware":[103],"per-link":[106],"basis":[107],"through":[108,139],"variable-duration":[109],"timeslots,":[110],"simultaneous":[111],"transmission,":[112],"metric":[115],"normalization.":[116],"paper":[118],"describes,":[119],"great":[121],"detail,":[122],"its":[123],"design":[124],"discusses":[126],"rationale":[128],"behind":[129],"every":[130],"choice":[131],"made.":[132],"Finally,":[133],"evaluate":[135],"three":[136],"basic":[137],"scenarios":[138],"simulations,":[140],"showcasing":[141],"both":[142],"functionality":[144],"flexibility":[146],"our":[148],"implementation.":[150]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-01T09:00:35.917206","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
