{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4393983500","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24072304","title":"GPS Data and Machine Learning Tools, a Practical and Cost-Effective Combination for Estimating Light Vehicle Emissions","display_name":"GPS Data and Machine Learning Tools, a Practical and Cost-Effective Combination for Estimating Light Vehicle Emissions","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-04-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4393983500","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24072304","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38610515"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24072304","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24072304","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/7/2304/pdf?version=1712290011","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/7/2304/pdf?version=1712290011","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074028770","display_name":"N\u00e9stor Rivera","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4231-2267"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3132940433","display_name":"Politecnica Salesiana University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f11af73","country_code":"EC","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3132940433"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I88060688","display_name":"Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid","ror":"https://ror.org/03n6nwv02","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I88060688"]}],"countries":["EC","ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"N\u00e9stor Diego Rivera-Campoverde","raw_affiliation_strings":["Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ingenier\u00eda del Transporte, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica Salesiana, Cuenca 010105, Ecuador","Machine-Engineering Division, Escuela T\u00e9cnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales\u2014ETSII, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid\u2014UPM, 28006 Madrid, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4231-2267","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ingenier\u00eda del Transporte, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica Salesiana, Cuenca 010105, Ecuador","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3132940433"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Machine-Engineering Division, Escuela T\u00e9cnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales\u2014ETSII, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid\u2014UPM, 28006 Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I88060688"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034999067","display_name":"Blanca Arenas Ram\u00edrez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0446-6417"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I88060688","display_name":"Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid","ror":"https://ror.org/03n6nwv02","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I88060688"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Blanca Arenas-Ram\u00edrez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto Universitario de Investigaci\u00f3n del Autom\u00f3vil Francisco Aparicio Izquierdo\u2014INSIA-UPM, Escuela T\u00e9cnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales\u2014ETSII, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid\u2014UPM, 28006 Madrid, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0446-6417","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto Universitario de Investigaci\u00f3n del Autom\u00f3vil Francisco Aparicio Izquierdo\u2014INSIA-UPM, Escuela T\u00e9cnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales\u2014ETSII, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid\u2014UPM, 28006 Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I88060688"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112331007","display_name":"Jos\u00e9 Luis Mu\u00f1oz Sanz","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I88060688","display_name":"Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid","ror":"https://ror.org/03n6nwv02","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I88060688"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jos\u00e9 Luis Mu\u00f1oz Sanz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Machine-Engineering Division, Escuela T\u00e9cnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales\u2014ETSII, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid\u2014UPM, 28006 Madrid, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Machine-Engineering Division, Escuela T\u00e9cnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales\u2014ETSII, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid\u2014UPM, 28006 Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I88060688"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113044015","display_name":"Edisson Jim\u00e9nez","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3132940433","display_name":"Politecnica Salesiana University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f11af73","country_code":"EC","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3132940433"]}],"countries":["EC"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Edisson Jim\u00e9nez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ingenier\u00eda del Transporte, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica Salesiana, Cuenca 010105, Ecuador"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ingenier\u00eda del Transporte, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica Salesiana, Cuenca 010105, Ecuador","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3132940433"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5113044015"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3132940433"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":2.3826,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87960925,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"7","first_page":"2304","last_page":"2304"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12095","display_name":"Vehicle emissions and performance","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12095","display_name":"Vehicle emissions and performance","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12617","display_name":"Energy, Environment, and Transportation Policies","score":0.9850999712944031,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12120","display_name":"Air Quality Monitoring and Forecasting","score":0.9846000075340271,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.7468363642692566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.7467079162597656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4467396140098572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4337530732154846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.4239403009414673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering","display_name":"Automotive engineering","score":0.3646091818809509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.363383412361145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3448602557182312}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.7468363642692566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.7467079162597656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4467396140098572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4337530732154846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.4239403009414673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.3646091818809509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.363383412361145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3448602557182312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24072304","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24072304","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/7/2304/pdf?version=1712290011","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38610515","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38610515","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:oa.upm.es:90018","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://oa.upm.es/90018/","pdf_url":"https://oa.upm.es/90018/1/10207870.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196323","display_name":"UPM Digital Archive (Technical University of Madrid)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I88060688","host_organization_name":"Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I88060688"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, ISSN 1424-8220, 2024-04-05, Vol. 24, No. 7","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11014095","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11014095","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11014095/pdf/sensors-24-02304.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:14a04e0f4f0f4fc19e8cd4ccd5265383","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/14a04e0f4f0f4fc19e8cd4ccd5265383","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 24, Iss 7, p 2304 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24072304","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24072304","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/7/2304/pdf?version=1712290011","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4393983500.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W68552013","https://openalex.org/W1517089136","https://openalex.org/W1976867664","https://openalex.org/W1992675630","https://openalex.org/W1996031526","https://openalex.org/W1996711119","https://openalex.org/W2011430131","https://openalex.org/W2033880114","https://openalex.org/W2099534828","https://openalex.org/W2100472574","https://openalex.org/W2111991669","https://openalex.org/W2320618658","https://openalex.org/W2518812231","https://openalex.org/W2560454503","https://openalex.org/W2589456662","https://openalex.org/W2594366335","https://openalex.org/W2614303116","https://openalex.org/W2797928606","https://openalex.org/W2893252072","https://openalex.org/W2914087199","https://openalex.org/W2926315928","https://openalex.org/W2943868962","https://openalex.org/W2958228467","https://openalex.org/W2965263209","https://openalex.org/W2969518730","https://openalex.org/W2971394685","https://openalex.org/W3031380251","https://openalex.org/W3087009784","https://openalex.org/W3088639933","https://openalex.org/W3099802519","https://openalex.org/W3150411247","https://openalex.org/W3192363516","https://openalex.org/W3199028104","https://openalex.org/W4210446036","https://openalex.org/W4214944475"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3162200841","https://openalex.org/W3193043704","https://openalex.org/W2586280620","https://openalex.org/W4386259002","https://openalex.org/W1546989560","https://openalex.org/W2805505483","https://openalex.org/W2334071950","https://openalex.org/W2384744344","https://openalex.org/W3171520305","https://openalex.org/W4233932308"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"focuses":[2],"on":[3,29,80,128,185],"the":[4,7,44,87,93,100,114,135,163,168,179,183,186],"emissions":[5,60],"of":[6,12,103,116,152,158,162,204,213],"three":[8,45],"most":[9],"sold":[10],"categories":[11],"light":[13],"vehicles:":[14],"sedans,":[15],"SUVs,":[16],"and":[17,31,59,96,123,149,171,207],"pickups.":[18],"The":[19,77,125,160,192],"research":[20],"is":[21,106,195],"carried":[22],"out":[23],"through":[24],"an":[25,172],"innovative":[26],"methodology":[27],"based":[28],"GPS":[30,57],"machine":[32],"learning":[33],"in":[34,48,66],"real":[35],"driving":[36,41,91,104,154,219],"conditions.":[37,220],"For":[38],"this":[39],"purpose,":[40],"data":[42,54,78,126,214],"from":[43,146],"best-selling":[46],"vehicles":[47,187],"Ecuador":[49],"are":[50,61,83,131,140],"acquired":[51],"using":[52,63,92,108,209],"a":[53,64,143,202,210],"logger":[55],"with":[56,70,142,167],"included,":[58],"measured":[62],"PEMS":[65,184],"six":[67],"RDE":[68],"tests":[69],"two":[71],"standardized":[72],"routes":[73],"for":[74,155,188],"each":[75,156],"vehicle.":[76,159],"obtained":[79,136,215],"Route":[81,129],"1":[82],"used":[84,89,132],"to":[85,118,133,181,197],"estimate":[86,119],"gears":[88],"during":[90],"K-means":[94],"algorithm":[95],"classification":[97],"trees.":[98],"Then,":[99],"relative":[101],"importance":[102],"variables":[105],"estimated":[107],"random":[109,153,218],"forest":[110],"techniques,":[111],"followed":[112],"by":[113],"training":[115,206],"ANNs":[117],"CO2,":[120],"CO,":[121],"NOX,":[122],"HC.":[124],"generated":[127,145,193],"2":[130],"validate":[134],"ANNs.":[137],"These":[138],"models":[139],"fed":[141],"dataset":[144],"324,":[147],"300,":[148],"316":[150],"km":[151],"type":[157],"results":[161,177],"model":[164,170,194],"were":[165],"compared":[166],"IVE":[169],"OBD-based":[173],"model,":[174],"showing":[175],"similar":[176],"without":[178],"need":[180],"mount":[182],"long":[189],"test":[190],"drives.":[191],"robust":[196],"different":[198],"traffic":[199],"conditions":[200],"as":[201],"result":[203],"its":[205],"validation":[208],"large":[211],"amount":[212],"under":[216],"completely":[217]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}