{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4393356757","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24072245","title":"A Review on Recent Deep Learning-Based Semantic Segmentation for Urban Greenness Measurement","display_name":"A Review on Recent Deep Learning-Based Semantic Segmentation for Urban Greenness Measurement","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-03-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4393356757","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24072245","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38610456"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24072245","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24072245","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/7/2245/pdf?version=1711877907","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/7/2245/pdf?version=1711877907","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008285967","display_name":"Doo Hong Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2976-3728"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121980950","display_name":"Utah State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00h6set76","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121980950"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Doo Hong Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Landscape Architecture and Environmental Planning, College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2976-3728","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Landscape Architecture and Environmental Planning, College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121980950"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084253929","display_name":"Hye Yeon Park","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63135867","display_name":"University of Cincinnati","ror":"https://ror.org/01e3m7079","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63135867"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hye Yeon Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Planning, College of Design, Architecture, Art, and Planning, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA","School of Planning, College of Design, Architecture, Art, and Planning, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Planning, College of Design, Architecture, Art, and Planning, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63135867"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Planning, College of Design, Architecture, Art, and Planning, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63135867"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044837622","display_name":"Joonwhoan Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1854-9643"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80611190","display_name":"Jeonbuk National University","ror":"https://ror.org/05q92br09","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80611190"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joonwhoan Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Computer Science and Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Computer Science and Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80611190"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5084253929"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63135867"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":5.6432,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96589971,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"7","first_page":"2245","last_page":"2245"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10226","display_name":"Land Use and Ecosystem Services","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10226","display_name":"Land Use and Ecosystem Services","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10692","display_name":"Urban Green Space and Health","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10766","display_name":"Urban Heat Island Mitigation","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.7839044332504272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6402706503868103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5510606169700623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.48434150218963623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.4806853234767914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.46119168400764465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-planning","display_name":"Urban planning","score":0.4513706862926483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.44823333621025085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.44096454977989197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.27522504329681396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.17670294642448425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.11769336462020874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/civil-engineering","display_name":"Civil engineering","score":0.08546766638755798}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.7839044332504272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6402706503868103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5510606169700623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.48434150218963623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.4806853234767914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.46119168400764465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49545453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q69883","display_name":"Urban planning","level":2,"score":0.4513706862926483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.44823333621025085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.44096454977989197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.27522504329681396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.17670294642448425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.11769336462020874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.08546766638755798}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24072245","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24072245","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/7/2245/pdf?version=1711877907","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38610456","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38610456","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11014299","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11014299","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:digitalcommons.usu.edu:laep_stures-1001","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/laep_stures/2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196327","display_name":"Digital Commons - USU (Utah State University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I121980950","host_organization_name":"Utah State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121980950"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Landscape Architecture and Environmental Planning Student Research","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ac402881b54b4b77a410d783e1fc6885","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ac402881b54b4b77a410d783e1fc6885","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 24, Iss 7, p 2245 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24072245","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24072245","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/7/2245/pdf?version=1711877907","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.8100000023841858,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4393356757.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":95,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W631895740","https://openalex.org/W987751915","https://openalex.org/W1014516858","https://openalex.org/W1178327149","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1903029394","https://openalex.org/W1922171044","https://openalex.org/W2030516572","https://openalex.org/W2051038563","https://openalex.org/W2054054553","https://openalex.org/W2067191022","https://openalex.org/W2092131292","https://openalex.org/W2103241731","https://openalex.org/W2132322709","https://openalex.org/W2145000637","https://openalex.org/W2153002160","https://openalex.org/W2163127636","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2343763659","https://openalex.org/W2394530037","https://openalex.org/W2395611524","https://openalex.org/W2412024995","https://openalex.org/W2481080531","https://openalex.org/W2507296351","https://openalex.org/W2593589429","https://openalex.org/W2617056706","https://openalex.org/W2727275208","https://openalex.org/W2750727809","https://openalex.org/W2791280249","https://openalex.org/W2792098998","https://openalex.org/W2792573191","https://openalex.org/W2793820902","https://openalex.org/W2799471775","https://openalex.org/W2799643365","https://openalex.org/W2800245884","https://openalex.org/W2885530671","https://openalex.org/W2886722869","https://openalex.org/W2890231632","https://openalex.org/W2895281799","https://openalex.org/W2898167360","https://openalex.org/W2910585180","https://openalex.org/W2912511439","https://openalex.org/W2919537308","https://openalex.org/W2944101200","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W2962914239","https://openalex.org/W2964203982","https://openalex.org/W2964309882","https://openalex.org/W2973097577","https://openalex.org/W2982679941","https://openalex.org/W2987983004","https://openalex.org/W2990988204","https://openalex.org/W2999219213","https://openalex.org/W3003185214","https://openalex.org/W3006319820","https://openalex.org/W3020123733","https://openalex.org/W3034130072","https://openalex.org/W3084025734","https://openalex.org/W3085719762","https://openalex.org/W3092214930","https://openalex.org/W3118405591","https://openalex.org/W3129544296","https://openalex.org/W3138516171","https://openalex.org/W3161825146","https://openalex.org/W3163700646","https://openalex.org/W3165726526","https://openalex.org/W3176270344","https://openalex.org/W3201753811","https://openalex.org/W3202370946","https://openalex.org/W3202786944","https://openalex.org/W3205325851","https://openalex.org/W3217426043","https://openalex.org/W4206730766","https://openalex.org/W4210788561","https://openalex.org/W4210853726","https://openalex.org/W4214811841","https://openalex.org/W4220994235","https://openalex.org/W4221163766","https://openalex.org/W4226315144","https://openalex.org/W4230604704","https://openalex.org/W4287200380","https://openalex.org/W4292295377","https://openalex.org/W4296010640","https://openalex.org/W4319157933","https://openalex.org/W4320892949","https://openalex.org/W4379232845","https://openalex.org/W4384406330","https://openalex.org/W4385391093","https://openalex.org/W4388757367","https://openalex.org/W6743216338","https://openalex.org/W6795755827","https://openalex.org/W6801892685","https://openalex.org/W6802213286","https://openalex.org/W6840742751","https://openalex.org/W6923313618"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2149537132","https://openalex.org/W2018871932","https://openalex.org/W641279757","https://openalex.org/W370975646","https://openalex.org/W1670566515","https://openalex.org/W4375867731","https://openalex.org/W4242022592","https://openalex.org/W596972243","https://openalex.org/W4313230280","https://openalex.org/W69751022"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Accurate":[0],"urban":[1,87],"green":[2,59],"space":[3],"(UGS)":[4],"measurement":[5],"has":[6],"become":[7],"crucial":[8],"for":[9,93,108,123,129,136,167,185],"landscape":[10,27,95,134],"analysis.":[11,96],"This":[12,71,171],"paper":[13],"reviews":[14],"the":[15,44,48,53,62,83,86,100,130,139,143,147,159,178],"recent":[16,179],"technological":[17],"breakthroughs":[18,180],"in":[19,152,181,188],"deep":[20],"learning":[21],"(DL)-based":[22],"semantic":[23,40,79],"segmentation,":[24,41],"emphasizing":[25],"efficient":[26],"analysis,":[28],"and":[29,47,61,90,104,162],"integrating":[30],"greenness":[31,36,88,125,169],"measurements.":[32],"It":[33,97],"explores":[34,105],"quantitative":[35],"measures":[37,89,126],"applied":[38],"through":[39],"categorized":[42],"into":[43],"plan":[45],"view-":[46],"perspective":[49],"view-based":[50],"methods,":[51],"like":[52],"Land":[54],"Class":[55],"Classification":[56],"(LCC)":[57],"with":[58],"objects":[60],"Green":[63],"View":[64],"Index":[65],"(GVI)":[66],"based":[67],"on":[68],"street":[69],"photographs.":[70],"review":[72,172],"navigates":[73],"from":[74],"traditional":[75],"to":[76,157,174],"modern":[77],"DL-based":[78,182],"segmentation":[80,91,118,183],"models,":[81],"illuminating":[82],"evolution":[84],"of":[85,133,142,164],"tasks":[92],"advanced":[94],"also":[98,128],"presents":[99],"typical":[101],"performance":[102],"metrics":[103],"public":[106],"datasets":[107],"constructing":[109],"these":[110],"measures.":[111,170],"The":[112],"results":[113],"show":[114],"that":[115],"accurate":[116],"(semantic)":[117],"is":[119,155],"inevitable":[120],"not":[121],"only":[122],"fine-grained":[124,168],"but":[127],"qualitative":[131],"evaluation":[132],"analyses":[135],"planning":[137],"amidst":[138],"incomplete":[140],"explainability":[141],"DL":[144],"model.":[145],"Also,":[146],"unsupervised":[148],"domain":[149],"adaptation":[150],"(UDA)":[151],"aerial":[153],"images":[154],"addressed":[156],"overcome":[158],"scale":[160],"changes":[161],"lack":[163],"labeled":[165],"data":[166],"contributes":[173],"helping":[175],"researchers":[176],"understand":[177],"technology":[184],"challenging":[186],"topics":[187],"UGS":[189],"research.":[190]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
