{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4393255159","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24072182","title":"Ancient Chinese Character Recognition with Improved Swin-Transformer and Flexible Data Enhancement Strategies","display_name":"Ancient Chinese Character Recognition with Improved Swin-Transformer and Flexible Data Enhancement Strategies","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-03-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4393255159","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24072182","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38610392"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24072182","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24072182","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/7/2182/pdf?version=1711636574","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/7/2182/pdf?version=1711636574","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101922348","display_name":"Yi Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7021-5320"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100693929","display_name":"Yi Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5919-6413"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5919-6413","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054001746","display_name":"Xianbo Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0463-2983"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210149102","display_name":"Sanya University","ror":"https://ror.org/04fa2qd52","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210149102"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xianbo Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya 572025, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0463-2983","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya 572025, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210149102","https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066921930","display_name":"Donglian Qi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6535-2221"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Donglian Qi","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077421048","display_name":"Yunfeng Yan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0939-5526"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210149102","display_name":"Sanya University","ror":"https://ror.org/04fa2qd52","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210149102"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yunfeng Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya 572025, China","School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya 572025, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210149102","https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5066921930","https://openalex.org/A5077421048"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210149102","https://openalex.org/I76130692"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":3.2897,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9354479,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"7","first_page":"2182","last_page":"2182"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9767000079154968,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14339","display_name":"Image Processing and 3D Reconstruction","score":0.9664999842643738,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decipherment","display_name":"Decipherment","score":0.8752954602241516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scripting-language","display_name":"Scripting language","score":0.6307923793792725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6045297980308533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5606856346130371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chinese-characters","display_name":"Chinese characters","score":0.5575065612792969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.4999816417694092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.37518811225891113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.3390125036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history","display_name":"History","score":0.1974678933620453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/archaeology","display_name":"Archaeology","score":0.18457454442977905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.18016454577445984}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778467380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1345443","display_name":"Decipherment","level":2,"score":0.8752954602241516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61423126","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187432","display_name":"Scripting language","level":2,"score":0.6307923793792725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6045297980308533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5606856346130371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781051154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8201","display_name":"Chinese characters","level":2,"score":0.5575065612792969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.4999816417694092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.37518811225891113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3390125036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.1974678933620453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.18457454442977905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.18016454577445984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24072182","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24072182","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/7/2182/pdf?version=1711636574","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38610392","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38610392","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11014116","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11014116","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11014116/pdf/sensors-24-02182.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:77afd7b058d44e12a8e0c1097f8a03e6","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/77afd7b058d44e12a8e0c1097f8a03e6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 24, Iss 7, p 2182 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24072182","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24072182","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/7/2182/pdf?version=1711636574","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2688100148","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62101490","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3845791291","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"23CYY014","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G389895902","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022KJCX47","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6466789808","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022C01056","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G802126351","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"0210-6602-A12203","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322927","funder_display_name":"Zhejiang University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8133779871","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"0210-6602-A12203","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322927","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327557","display_name":"National Office for Philosophy and Social Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04m0ms912"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4393255159.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2367897742","https://openalex.org/W2531409750","https://openalex.org/W2549139847","https://openalex.org/W2594034183","https://openalex.org/W2752782242","https://openalex.org/W2916161702","https://openalex.org/W2928165649","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2964350391","https://openalex.org/W3004249119","https://openalex.org/W3016719260","https://openalex.org/W3024869452","https://openalex.org/W3080104814","https://openalex.org/W3096609285","https://openalex.org/W3106228916","https://openalex.org/W3116489684","https://openalex.org/W3131500599","https://openalex.org/W3138516171","https://openalex.org/W3160694286","https://openalex.org/W3167976421","https://openalex.org/W3170841864","https://openalex.org/W3170874841","https://openalex.org/W4206725401","https://openalex.org/W4212976801","https://openalex.org/W4213132217","https://openalex.org/W4213281006","https://openalex.org/W4223975244","https://openalex.org/W4226060031","https://openalex.org/W4226134480","https://openalex.org/W4229007046","https://openalex.org/W4296125247","https://openalex.org/W4312443924","https://openalex.org/W4312622622","https://openalex.org/W4312892002","https://openalex.org/W4328136562","https://openalex.org/W4361986677","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6809491273","https://openalex.org/W6811126795"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2353267881","https://openalex.org/W2087163944","https://openalex.org/W4403457682","https://openalex.org/W2313343935","https://openalex.org/W2123799460","https://openalex.org/W4249394616","https://openalex.org/W2011818515","https://openalex.org/W2120238977","https://openalex.org/W1523199077","https://openalex.org/W4235673437"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,131],"decipherment":[1],"of":[2,37,52,85,138,144,158,174,183],"ancient":[3,18,38,60,79,184],"Chinese":[4,19,39,61,80,185],"scripts,":[5],"such":[6],"as":[7],"oracle":[8,29],"bone":[9,30],"and":[10,22,91,125,140],"bronze":[11],"inscriptions,":[12],"holds":[13],"immense":[14],"significance":[15],"for":[16,75,108],"understanding":[17],"history,":[20],"culture,":[21],"civilization.":[23],"Despite":[24],"substantial":[25],"progress":[26],"in":[27],"recognizing":[28,76],"script,":[31],"research":[32],"on":[33,121,170],"the":[34,50,72,77,122,129,156,166,180],"overall":[35],"recognition":[36],"characters":[40,62,186],"remains":[41],"somewhat":[42],"lacking.":[43],"To":[44],"tackle":[45],"this":[46],"issue,":[47],"we":[48],"pioneered":[49],"construction":[51],"a":[53,97,135,141,171,188],"large-scale":[54],"image":[55],"dataset":[56],"comprising":[57],"9233":[58],"distinct":[59],"sourced":[63],"from":[64],"images":[65],"obtained":[66],"through":[67,155],"archaeological":[68],"excavations.":[69],"We":[70,105],"propose":[71],"first":[73],"model":[74,83,159],"common":[78],"characters.":[81],"This":[82],"consists":[84],"four":[86],"stages":[87],"with":[88,134],"Linear":[89],"Embedding":[90],"Swin-Transformer":[92],"blocks,":[93],"each":[94],"supplemented":[95],"by":[96],"CoT":[98],"Block":[99],"to":[100,178,187],"enhance":[101],"local":[102],"feature":[103],"extraction.":[104],"also":[106],"advocate":[107],"an":[109],"enhancement":[110,120],"strategy,":[111],"which":[112],"involves":[113],"two":[114],"steps:":[115],"firstly,":[116],"conducting":[117],"adaptive":[118],"data":[119],"original":[123],"data,":[124],"secondly,":[126],"randomly":[127],"resampling":[128],"data.":[130],"experimental":[132],"results,":[133],"top-one":[136],"accuracy":[137,143],"87.25%":[139],"top-five":[142],"95.81%,":[145],"demonstrate":[146],"that":[147,165],"our":[148],"proposed":[149,167],"method":[150],"achieves":[151],"remarkable":[152],"performance.":[153],"Furthermore,":[154],"visualizing":[157],"attention,":[160],"it":[161],"can":[162],"be":[163],"observed":[164],"model,":[168],"trained":[169],"large":[172],"number":[173],"images,":[175],"is":[176],"able":[177],"capture":[179],"morphological":[181],"characteristics":[182],"certain":[189],"extent.":[190]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
