{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4393036925","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24062013","title":"Classification of Sand-Binder Mixtures from the Foundry Industry Using Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy and Support Vector Machines","display_name":"Classification of Sand-Binder Mixtures from the Foundry Industry Using Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy and Support Vector Machines","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-03-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4393036925","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24062013","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38544275"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24062013","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24062013","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/6/2013/pdf?version=1711095509","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/6/2013/pdf?version=1711095509","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062143572","display_name":"Luca Bifano","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2637-4591"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I54009628","display_name":"University of Bayreuth","ror":"https://ror.org/0234wmv40","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I54009628"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luca Bifano","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chair of Measurement and Control Systems, Faculty of Engineering Science, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2637-4591","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair of Measurement and Control Systems, Faculty of Engineering Science, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I54009628"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061526433","display_name":"Xiaohu Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5771-2277"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I54009628","display_name":"University of Bayreuth","ror":"https://ror.org/0234wmv40","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I54009628"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaohu Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chair of Measurement and Control Systems, Faculty of Engineering Science, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5771-2277","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair of Measurement and Control Systems, Faculty of Engineering Science, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I54009628"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049576680","display_name":"Gerhard Fischerauer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2000-4730"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I54009628","display_name":"University of Bayreuth","ror":"https://ror.org/0234wmv40","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I54009628"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gerhard Fischerauer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chair of Measurement and Control Systems, Faculty of Engineering Science, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2000-4730","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair of Measurement and Control Systems, Faculty of Engineering Science, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I54009628"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5049576680"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I54009628"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":0.2867,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.41801821,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"6","first_page":"2013","last_page":"2013"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12169","display_name":"Non-Destructive Testing Techniques","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12169","display_name":"Non-Destructive Testing Techniques","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13140","display_name":"Materials Engineering and Processing","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10670","display_name":"Aluminum Alloy Microstructure Properties","score":0.9853000044822693,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/foundry","display_name":"Foundry","score":0.8897823691368103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.7794233560562134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/molding","display_name":"Molding (decorative)","score":0.5573359727859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dielectric-spectroscopy","display_name":"Dielectric spectroscopy","score":0.521187961101532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-selection","display_name":"Feature selection","score":0.4969077408313751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/casting","display_name":"Casting","score":0.4510584771633148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sand-casting","display_name":"Sand casting","score":0.4424040615558624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process-engineering","display_name":"Process engineering","score":0.4299757778644562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3696712255477905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.36021119356155396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.3456018269062042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.33885225653648376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3312748074531555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-engineering","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","score":0.2716253399848938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/composite-material","display_name":"Composite material","score":0.20812469720840454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.14815077185630798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mold","display_name":"Mold","score":0.10459539294242859}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781087836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13883136","display_name":"Foundry","level":2,"score":0.8897823691368103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.7794233560562134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67558686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1770806","display_name":"Molding (decorative)","level":2,"score":0.5573359727859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7040849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899580","display_name":"Dielectric spectroscopy","level":4,"score":0.521187961101532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148483581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446488","display_name":"Feature selection","level":2,"score":0.4969077408313751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16635281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q496098","display_name":"Casting","level":2,"score":0.4510584771633148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778944269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5980103","display_name":"Sand casting","level":3,"score":0.4424040615558624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21880701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2144042","display_name":"Process engineering","level":1,"score":0.4299757778644562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3696712255477905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.36021119356155396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.3456018269062042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.33885225653648376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3312748074531555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.2716253399848938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.20812469720840454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.14815077185630798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780566776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159341","display_name":"Mold","level":2,"score":0.10459539294242859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17525397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176140","display_name":"Electrode","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52859227","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7877","display_name":"Electrochemistry","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147789679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11372","display_name":"Physical chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24062013","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24062013","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/6/2013/pdf?version=1711095509","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38544275","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38544275","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10975202","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10975202","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10975202/pdf/sensors-24-02013.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d85c55e8b89b46c4a5dc73d0f92d41bc","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d85c55e8b89b46c4a5dc73d0f92d41bc","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 24, Iss 6, p 2013 (2024)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/24/6/2013/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24062013","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24062013","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24062013","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/6/2013/pdf?version=1711095509","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.6100000143051147}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2777421605","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"KK5155003DB1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323803","funder_display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Energie"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2784542323","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZF4152305DB8","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4303701741","funder_display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Klimaschutz"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3958461912","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZF4152305DB8","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323803","funder_display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Energie"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G896544053","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"KK5155003DB1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4303701741","funder_display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Klimaschutz"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4303701741","display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Klimaschutz","ror":"https://ror.org/02vgg2808"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323803","display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Energie","ror":"https://ror.org/02vgg2808"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4393036925.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1577151368","https://openalex.org/W1981964287","https://openalex.org/W2033417785","https://openalex.org/W2048083332","https://openalex.org/W2054430439","https://openalex.org/W2063801359","https://openalex.org/W2081174956","https://openalex.org/W2093021024","https://openalex.org/W2135248331","https://openalex.org/W2473892591","https://openalex.org/W2525467517","https://openalex.org/W2549416937","https://openalex.org/W2551663148","https://openalex.org/W2583626505","https://openalex.org/W2620803030","https://openalex.org/W2806022371","https://openalex.org/W2939132082","https://openalex.org/W2940881253","https://openalex.org/W2957559077","https://openalex.org/W2973606639","https://openalex.org/W2995620205","https://openalex.org/W2996480769","https://openalex.org/W3033001695","https://openalex.org/W3036067961","https://openalex.org/W3081161286","https://openalex.org/W3086786576","https://openalex.org/W3093031590","https://openalex.org/W3123524983","https://openalex.org/W3133569881","https://openalex.org/W3134716814","https://openalex.org/W3164773673","https://openalex.org/W3174488350","https://openalex.org/W3197830618","https://openalex.org/W4296713642","https://openalex.org/W4304609446","https://openalex.org/W4319996391","https://openalex.org/W4320920896"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4389798088","https://openalex.org/W4230680322","https://openalex.org/W4322756190","https://openalex.org/W2782683786","https://openalex.org/W3082879203","https://openalex.org/W2035925300","https://openalex.org/W4392958412","https://openalex.org/W3086017117","https://openalex.org/W4206424983","https://openalex.org/W2464068075"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Molding":[0],"sand":[1,74,97],"mixtures":[2,32,75,98],"used":[3],"in":[4,29,34,78,168,175],"the":[5,26,31,38,79,94,125,128,132,144,169,176],"foundry":[6,177],"industry":[7,178],"consist":[8],"of":[9,25,131,151,157,171],"various":[10,73],"sands":[11],"(quartz":[12],"sands,":[13,15],"chromite":[14],"etc.)":[16],"and":[17,33],"additives":[18],"such":[19,55],"as":[20],"bentonite.":[21],"The":[22,155],"optimum":[23],"control":[24],"processes":[27],"involved":[28],"using":[30],"their":[35],"regeneration":[36],"after":[37],"casting":[39],"requires":[40],"an":[41],"efficient":[42],"in-line":[43],"monitoring":[44,174],"method":[45,57],"that":[46],"is":[47,135],"not":[48],"available":[49],"today.":[50],"We":[51],"are":[52],"investigating":[53],"whether":[54],"a":[56,68,141,148],"can":[58],"be":[59,115],"based":[60],"on":[61],"electrical":[62],"impedance":[63],"spectroscopy":[64],"(EIS).":[65],"To":[66],"establish":[67],"database,":[69],"we":[70],"have":[71,147],"characterized":[72],"by":[76,99,143,162],"EIS":[77,158],"frequency":[80],"range":[81],"from":[82],"0.5":[83],"kHz":[84],"to":[85,140],"1":[86],"MHz":[87],"under":[88],"laboratory":[89],"conditions.":[90],"Attempts":[91],"at":[92],"classifying":[93],"different":[95],"molding":[96],"support":[100],"vector":[101],"machines":[102],"(SVM)":[103],"show":[104],"encouraging":[105],"results.":[106],"Already":[107],"high":[108,149],"assignment":[109],"accuracies":[110],"(above":[111],"90%)":[112],"could":[113],"even":[114],"improved":[116],"with":[117,159],"suitable":[118],"feature":[119,122],"selection":[120],"(sequential":[121],"selection).":[123],"At":[124],"same":[126],"time,":[127],"standard":[129],"uncertainty":[130],"SVM":[133],"results":[134],"low,":[136],"i.e.,":[137],"data":[138],"assigned":[139,153],"class":[142],"presented":[145],"SVMs":[146],"probability":[150],"being":[152],"correctly.":[154],"application":[156],"subsequent":[160],"evaluation":[161],"machine":[163],"learning":[164],"(machine-learning-enhanced":[165],"EIS,":[166],"MLEIS)":[167],"field":[170],"bulk":[172],"material":[173],"appears":[179],"possible.":[180]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}