{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4392847110","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24061891","title":"Design of Network-on-Chip-Based Restricted Coulomb Energy Neural Network Accelerator on FPGA Device","display_name":"Design of Network-on-Chip-Based Restricted Coulomb Energy Neural Network Accelerator on FPGA Device","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-03-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4392847110","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24061891","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38544154"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24061891","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24061891","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/6/1891/pdf?version=1710500284","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/6/1891/pdf?version=1710500284","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005961093","display_name":"Soongyu Kang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0015-1768"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24456540","display_name":"Korea Aerospace University","ror":"https://ror.org/05jmm0651","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24456540"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Soongyu Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Korea Aerospace University, Goyang 10540, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Korea Aerospace University, Goyang 10540, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24456540"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020502163","display_name":"Seongjoo Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9344-7052"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28777354","display_name":"Sejong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00aft1q37","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seongjoo Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Convergence Engineering of Intelligent Drone, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea","Department of Electrical Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Convergence Engineering of Intelligent Drone, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069240204","display_name":"Yunho Jung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2299-9911"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24456540","display_name":"Korea Aerospace University","ror":"https://ror.org/05jmm0651","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24456540"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yunho Jung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Smart Air Mobility, Korea Aerospace University, Goyang 10540, Republic of Korea","School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Korea Aerospace University, Goyang 10540, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Smart Air Mobility, Korea Aerospace University, Goyang 10540, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24456540"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Korea Aerospace University, Goyang 10540, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24456540"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5069240204"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24456540"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.8748,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7207678,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"6","first_page":"1891","last_page":"1891"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10829","display_name":"Interconnection Networks and Systems","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7264964580535889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.696366548538208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.6925455331802368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.6152544617652893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-device","display_name":"Edge device","score":0.5997053980827332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.5048580765724182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.45036551356315613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.4484376013278961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chip","display_name":"Chip","score":0.4241422414779663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-computing","display_name":"Edge computing","score":0.41365480422973633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.41014981269836426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.39503252506256104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3947780132293701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.3807670474052429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.08860725164413452}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7264964580535889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.696366548538208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.6925455331802368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.6152544617652893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138236772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25098575","display_name":"Edge device","level":3,"score":0.5997053980827332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.5048580765724182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.45036551356315613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.4484376013278961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165005293","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074500","display_name":"Chip","level":2,"score":0.4241422414779663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.41365480422973633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.41014981269836426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.39503252506256104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3947780132293701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.3807670474052429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.08860725164413452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24061891","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24061891","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/6/1891/pdf?version=1710500284","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38544154","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38544154","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10975430","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10975430","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10975430/pdf/sensors-24-01891.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:79fc7f1188f84ab5a54ae46edc978d25","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/79fc7f1188f84ab5a54ae46edc978d25","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 24, Iss 6, p 1891 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24061891","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24061891","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/6/1891/pdf?version=1710500284","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8600000143051147,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4392847110.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1484820186","https://openalex.org/W1576690293","https://openalex.org/W1970252480","https://openalex.org/W1973455076","https://openalex.org/W2042211399","https://openalex.org/W2046500578","https://openalex.org/W2046985881","https://openalex.org/W2091263751","https://openalex.org/W2121856707","https://openalex.org/W2141596221","https://openalex.org/W2148323349","https://openalex.org/W2170660206","https://openalex.org/W2541352746","https://openalex.org/W2546835210","https://openalex.org/W2811022503","https://openalex.org/W2885073745","https://openalex.org/W2945150663","https://openalex.org/W2963526839","https://openalex.org/W2965780602","https://openalex.org/W2971733775","https://openalex.org/W3015132514","https://openalex.org/W3032941476","https://openalex.org/W3095711016","https://openalex.org/W4388091044","https://openalex.org/W4389261509","https://openalex.org/W6685327356"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3189674571","https://openalex.org/W4322761281","https://openalex.org/W4238233472","https://openalex.org/W4313526662","https://openalex.org/W3111395152","https://openalex.org/W4312996489","https://openalex.org/W3106131444","https://openalex.org/W3216099748","https://openalex.org/W4205963435","https://openalex.org/W4313463379"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Sensor":[0],"applications":[1],"in":[2,27,172,177,229,236],"internet":[3],"of":[4,20,110,127,159,185,193,225,242,255],"things":[5],"(IoT)":[6],"systems,":[7,29],"coupled":[8],"with":[9,162,198,214],"artificial":[10],"intelligence":[11],"(AI)":[12],"technology,":[13],"are":[14],"becoming":[15],"an":[16,137,248],"increasingly":[17],"significant":[18],"part":[19],"modern":[21],"life.":[22],"For":[23],"low-latency":[24],"AI":[25],"computation":[26],"IoT":[28],"there":[30],"is":[31,48,77,136,247],"a":[32,49,118,130,149,156,174,206],"growing":[33],"preference":[34],"for":[35,54,96,140,166,217],"edge-based":[36,93],"computing":[37],"over":[38],"cloud-based":[39],"alternatives.":[40],"The":[41,144,239],"restricted":[42],"coulomb":[43],"energy":[44],"neural":[45,257],"network":[46,82,258],"(RCE-NN)":[47],"machine":[50],"learning":[51,63,230,263],"algorithm":[52],"well-suited":[53],"implementation":[55,128],"on":[56,129],"edge":[57],"devices":[58],"due":[59],"to":[60,79,205,227,234,251],"its":[61],"simple":[62],"and":[64,84,123,219,232,264],"recognition":[65,237],"scheme.":[66],"In":[67,113],"addition,":[68],"because":[69],"the":[70,81,89,108,125,167,178,183,189,194,243,253,256],"RCE-NN":[71,90,102,121,146,196,208,245],"generates":[72],"neurons":[73,111,186,200],"as":[74,182],"needed,":[75],"it":[76],"easy":[78],"adjust":[80],"structure":[83],"learn":[85],"additional":[86],"data.":[87],"Therefore,":[88],"can":[91],"provide":[92],"real-time":[94],"processing":[95],"various":[97],"sensor":[98],"applications.":[99],"However,":[100],"previous":[101,207],"accelerators":[103],"have":[104],"limited":[105],"scalability":[106,254],"when":[107],"number":[109,158,184],"increases.":[112,187],"this":[114],"paper,":[115],"we":[116],"propose":[117],"network-on-chip":[119],"(NoC)-based":[120],"accelerator":[122,147,197,246],"present":[124],"results":[126],"field-programmable":[131],"gate":[132],"array":[133],"(FPGA).":[134],"NoC":[135,240],"effective":[138],"solution":[139,250],"managing":[141],"massive":[142],"interconnections.":[143],"proposed":[145,195,244],"utilizes":[148],"hierarchical-star":[150],"(H-star)":[151],"topology,":[152],"which":[153],"efficiently":[154],"handles":[155],"large":[157],"neurons,":[160],"along":[161],"routers":[163],"specifically":[164],"designed":[165],"RCE-NN.":[168],"These":[169],"approaches":[170],"result":[171],"only":[173],"slight":[175],"decrease":[176],"maximum":[179,190],"operating":[180,191],"frequency":[181,192],"Consequently,":[188],"512":[199],"increased":[201],"by":[202],"126.1%":[203],"compared":[204],"accelerator.":[209],"This":[210],"enhancement":[211],"was":[212],"verified":[213],"two":[215],"datasets":[216],"gas":[218],"sign":[220],"language":[221],"recognition,":[222],"achieving":[223],"accelerations":[224],"up":[226,233],"54.8%":[228],"time":[231],"45.7%":[235],"time.":[238],"scheme":[241],"appropriate":[249],"ensure":[252],"while":[259],"providing":[260],"high-performance":[261],"on-chip":[262],"recognition.":[265]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-03-11T14:59:36.786465","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}