{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4392847142","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24061888","title":"6G Networks and the AI Revolution\u2014Exploring Technologies, Applications, and Emerging Challenges","display_name":"6G Networks and the AI Revolution\u2014Exploring Technologies, Applications, and Emerging Challenges","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-03-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4392847142","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24061888","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38544151"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24061888","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24061888","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/6/1888/pdf?version=1710492387","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/6/1888/pdf?version=1710492387","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039625071","display_name":"Robin Chataut","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2763-9598"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43267033","display_name":"Quinnipiac University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mpz5a50","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43267033"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Robin Chataut","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Engineering, Quinnipiac University, Hamden, CT 06518, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2763-9598","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Engineering, Quinnipiac University, Hamden, CT 06518, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43267033"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093495311","display_name":"Mary Nankya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5796-5753"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5429594","display_name":"Fitchburg State University","ror":"https://ror.org/031tt0491","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5429594"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mary Nankya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Fitchburg State University, Fitchburg, MA 01420, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5796-5753","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Fitchburg State University, Fitchburg, MA 01420, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5429594"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080296613","display_name":"Robert Akl","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123534392","display_name":"University of North Texas","ror":"https://ror.org/00v97ad02","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123534392"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert Akl","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123534392"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5039625071"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43267033"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":32.6733,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":166,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99911102,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"6","first_page":"1888","last_page":"1888"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9936000108718872,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":0.9930999875068665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformative-learning","display_name":"Transformative learning","score":0.5356563925743103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.531441867351532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.5189871191978455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5069161057472229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.16444635391235352}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70587473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7834111","display_name":"Transformative learning","level":2,"score":0.5356563925743103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.531441867351532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.5189871191978455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5069161057472229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.16444635391235352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24061888","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24061888","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/6/1888/pdf?version=1710492387","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38544151","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38544151","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:info:ark/67531/metadc2376778","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc2376778/","pdf_url":"https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc2376778/m2/1/high_res_d/sensors-24-01888.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400792","display_name":"University of North Texas Digital Library (University of North Texas)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I123534392","host_organization_name":"University of North Texas","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123534392"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, 24(6), MDPI, March 15, 2024, pp. 1-29","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10975185","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10975185","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10975185/pdf/sensors-24-01888.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9051473583ce49f9a393edc36c3eb354","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9051473583ce49f9a393edc36c3eb354","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 24, Iss 6, p 1888 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24061888","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24061888","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/6/1888/pdf?version=1710492387","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.550000011920929}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4392847142.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":132,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2003459692","https://openalex.org/W2005853852","https://openalex.org/W2110188845","https://openalex.org/W2618473496","https://openalex.org/W2899057481","https://openalex.org/W2929612105","https://openalex.org/W2950373453","https://openalex.org/W2951913551","https://openalex.org/W2972298765","https://openalex.org/W2973214144","https://openalex.org/W2975158636","https://openalex.org/W3022813153","https://openalex.org/W3025061635","https://openalex.org/W3035231704","https://openalex.org/W3036390306","https://openalex.org/W3042888165","https://openalex.org/W3043953517","https://openalex.org/W3048971588","https://openalex.org/W3087948960","https://openalex.org/W3089929132","https://openalex.org/W3091752016","https://openalex.org/W3101217327","https://openalex.org/W3110989801","https://openalex.org/W3113314792","https://openalex.org/W3126686235","https://openalex.org/W3127717643","https://openalex.org/W3128861413","https://openalex.org/W3144404977","https://openalex.org/W3158278422","https://openalex.org/W3160044757","https://openalex.org/W3176508160","https://openalex.org/W3196869730","https://openalex.org/W3204609309","https://openalex.org/W3205806124","https://openalex.org/W3206057571","https://openalex.org/W3206898142","https://openalex.org/W3211304744","https://openalex.org/W3211742690","https://openalex.org/W3213413164","https://openalex.org/W3215676477","https://openalex.org/W4200607764","https://openalex.org/W4205556697","https://openalex.org/W4206444166","https://openalex.org/W4206566149","https://openalex.org/W4206739262","https://openalex.org/W4212883107","https://openalex.org/W4214869332","https://openalex.org/W4214926427","https://openalex.org/W4224228169","https://openalex.org/W4224232733","https://openalex.org/W4224880013","https://openalex.org/W4225680886","https://openalex.org/W4226358783","https://openalex.org/W4231359629","https://openalex.org/W4234381759","https://openalex.org/W4248626570","https://openalex.org/W4280608146","https://openalex.org/W4281483951","https://openalex.org/W4281960427","https://openalex.org/W4283035061","https://openalex.org/W4284894549","https://openalex.org/W4285678630","https://openalex.org/W4289526160","https://openalex.org/W4289866417","https://openalex.org/W4293221811","https://openalex.org/W4294741352","https://openalex.org/W4295922517","https://openalex.org/W4309694836","https://openalex.org/W4309960760","https://openalex.org/W4311012019","https://openalex.org/W4311104687","https://openalex.org/W4312573828","https://openalex.org/W4313594423","https://openalex.org/W4318586195","https://openalex.org/W4318604892","https://openalex.org/W4319320341","https://openalex.org/W4319459154","https://openalex.org/W4319765253","https://openalex.org/W4321021943","https://openalex.org/W4321230825","https://openalex.org/W4321605236","https://openalex.org/W4323361041","https://openalex.org/W4323645976","https://openalex.org/W4324116446","https://openalex.org/W4360998761","https://openalex.org/W4362585626","https://openalex.org/W4366721991","https://openalex.org/W4375928464","https://openalex.org/W4376275011","https://openalex.org/W4378176283","https://openalex.org/W4378907001","https://openalex.org/W4379055622","https://openalex.org/W4380484237","https://openalex.org/W4381612157","https://openalex.org/W4382061046","https://openalex.org/W4382364507","https://openalex.org/W4382401293","https://openalex.org/W4382582200","https://openalex.org/W4382762596","https://openalex.org/W4382982764","https://openalex.org/W4383504043","https://openalex.org/W4384162608","https://openalex.org/W4384299829","https://openalex.org/W4385192626","https://openalex.org/W4385429522","https://openalex.org/W4385448491","https://openalex.org/W4385463061","https://openalex.org/W4385480969","https://openalex.org/W4385627095","https://openalex.org/W4385765561","https://openalex.org/W4385900995","https://openalex.org/W4385957299","https://openalex.org/W4386161437","https://openalex.org/W4386284063","https://openalex.org/W4386303332","https://openalex.org/W4386476151","https://openalex.org/W4386482471","https://openalex.org/W4386702872","https://openalex.org/W4387479084","https://openalex.org/W4387653233","https://openalex.org/W4387936727","https://openalex.org/W4388018155","https://openalex.org/W4388248463","https://openalex.org/W4389080298","https://openalex.org/W4390075405","https://openalex.org/W4390847988","https://openalex.org/W6682819527","https://openalex.org/W6808752817","https://openalex.org/W6810941615","https://openalex.org/W6849754380","https://openalex.org/W6853383041","https://openalex.org/W6853770037"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2169196470","https://openalex.org/W3113185420","https://openalex.org/W4237580245","https://openalex.org/W4385368139","https://openalex.org/W2906134827","https://openalex.org/W4322745238","https://openalex.org/W4241245680","https://openalex.org/W3124327509"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"the":[1,20,27,33,38,68,74,84,87,102,105,115,120,135,163,177,191,198,245,258,277,288,293,321,329,340],"rapidly":[2,298,345],"evolving":[3,299,346],"landscape":[4,290],"of":[5,11,30,36,40,86,97,104,137,176,183,194,200,237,247,260,272,324],"wireless":[6,109],"communication,":[7,142,152],"each":[8],"successive":[9],"generation":[10],"networks":[12,42,80,209,240],"has":[13,43],"achieved":[14],"significant":[15],"technological":[16,116,263],"leaps,":[17],"profoundly":[18],"transforming":[19],"way":[21],"we":[22,161,336],"connect":[23],"and":[24,49,56,129,153,166,180,206,228,249,281,291,316,333],"interact.":[25],"From":[26],"analog":[28],"simplicity":[29],"1G":[31],"to":[32,83,187,212,220,243,265,304,338],"digital":[34,250],"prowess":[35],"5G,":[37],"journey":[39],"mobile":[41,218],"been":[44],"marked":[45],"by":[46],"constant":[47],"innovation":[48],"escalating":[50],"demands":[51],"for":[52,70,76,122],"faster,":[53],"more":[54,57,78],"reliable,":[55],"efficient":[58],"communication":[59],"systems.":[60,230],"As":[61],"5G":[62],"becomes":[63],"a":[64,94,158,173,234,269,306],"global":[65],"reality,":[66],"laying":[67],"foundation":[69],"an":[71],"interconnected":[72],"world,":[73],"quest":[75],"even":[77],"advanced":[79],"leads":[81],"us":[82],"threshold":[85],"sixth-generation":[88],"(6G)":[89],"era.":[90],"This":[91,111,231,301],"paper":[92,302],"presents":[93],"hierarchical":[95],"exploration":[96],"6G":[98,184,201,208,280,325,332],"networks,":[99],"poised":[100],"at":[101],"forefront":[103],"next":[106],"revolution":[107],"in":[108,169,196,223,257,296,343],"technology.":[110],"study":[112,285],"delves":[113],"into":[114,320],"advancements":[117],"that":[118,241],"underpin":[119],"need":[121],"6G,":[123,261],"examining":[124],"its":[125],"key":[126,130],"features,":[127],"benefits,":[128],"enabling":[131],"technologies.":[132],"We":[133,252],"dissect":[134],"intricacies":[136],"cutting-edge":[138],"innovations":[139],"like":[140,225],"terahertz":[141],"ultra-massive":[143],"MIMO,":[144],"artificial":[145],"intelligence":[146],"(AI),":[147],"machine":[148],"learning":[149],"(ML),":[150],"quantum":[151],"reconfigurable":[154],"intelligent":[155],"surfaces.":[156],"Through":[157],"meticulous":[159],"analysis,":[160],"evaluate":[162],"strengths,":[164],"weaknesses,":[165],"state-of-the-art":[167],"research":[168,314],"these":[170],"areas,":[171],"offering":[172],"wider":[174],"view":[175],"current":[178,289],"progress":[179],"potential":[181,273],"applications":[182,222],"networks.":[185,202,326],"Central":[186],"our":[188],"discussion":[189],"is":[190],"transformative":[192],"role":[193],"AI":[195,205,282,334],"shaping":[197],"future":[199],"By":[203,275,327],"integrating":[204],"ML,":[207],"are":[210],"expected":[211],"offer":[213],"unprecedented":[214],"capabilities,":[215],"from":[216,262],"enhanced":[217],"broadband":[219],"groundbreaking":[221],"areas":[224],"smart":[226],"cities":[227],"autonomous":[229],"integration":[232],"heralds":[233],"new":[235],"era":[236],"intelligent,":[238],"self-optimizing":[239],"promise":[242],"redefine":[244],"parameters":[246],"connectivity":[248],"interaction.":[251],"also":[253],"address":[254],"critical":[255],"challenges":[256],"deployment":[259],"hurdles":[264],"regulatory":[266],"concerns,":[267],"providing":[268,309],"holistic":[270],"assessment":[271],"barriers.":[274],"highlighting":[276,328],"interplay":[278],"between":[279,331],"technologies,":[283,335],"this":[284,297,344],"maps":[286],"out":[287],"lights":[292],"path":[294,341],"forward":[295,342],"domain.":[300],"aims":[303],"be":[305],"cornerstone":[307],"resource,":[308],"essential":[310],"insights,":[311],"addressing":[312],"unresolved":[313],"questions,":[315],"stimulating":[317],"further":[318],"investigation":[319],"multifaceted":[322],"realm":[323],"synergy":[330],"aim":[337],"illuminate":[339],"field.":[347]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":104},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":34}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}