{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4392863751","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24061887","title":"Analytical Analysis of Factors Affecting the Accuracy of a Dual-Heat Flux Core Body Temperature Sensor","display_name":"Analytical Analysis of Factors Affecting the Accuracy of a Dual-Heat Flux Core Body Temperature Sensor","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-03-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4392863751","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24061887","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38544149"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24061887","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24061887","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/6/1887/pdf?version=1710491727","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/6/1887/pdf?version=1710491727","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001270631","display_name":"Jakub \u017bmigrodzki","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4107-0211"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108403487","display_name":"Warsaw University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00y0xnp53","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108403487"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jakub \u017bmigrodzki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Metrology and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechatronics, Warsaw University of Technology, 02-525 Warsaw, Poland","Institute of Metrology and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechatronics, Warsaw University of Technology, 02-525 Warsaw, Poland;"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4107-0211","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Metrology and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechatronics, Warsaw University of Technology, 02-525 Warsaw, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108403487"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Metrology and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechatronics, Warsaw University of Technology, 02-525 Warsaw, Poland;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108403487"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086897318","display_name":"Szymon Cygan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5125-8616"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108403487","display_name":"Warsaw University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00y0xnp53","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108403487"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Szymon Cygan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Metrology and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechatronics, Warsaw University of Technology, 02-525 Warsaw, Poland","Institute of Metrology and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechatronics, Warsaw University of Technology, 02-525 Warsaw, Poland;"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5125-8616","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Metrology and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechatronics, Warsaw University of Technology, 02-525 Warsaw, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108403487"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Metrology and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechatronics, Warsaw University of Technology, 02-525 Warsaw, Poland;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108403487"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5105940370","display_name":"Jan \u0141usakowski","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108403487","display_name":"Warsaw University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00y0xnp53","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108403487"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jan \u0141usakowski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Healthwear Sp. z o.o., 31-539 Cracow, Poland","Institute of Metrology and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechatronics, Warsaw University of Technology, 02-525 Warsaw, Poland","Institute of Metrology and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechatronics, Warsaw University of Technology, 02-525 Warsaw, Poland;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Healthwear Sp. z o.o., 31-539 Cracow, Poland","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Metrology and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechatronics, Warsaw University of Technology, 02-525 Warsaw, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108403487"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Metrology and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechatronics, Warsaw University of Technology, 02-525 Warsaw, Poland;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108403487"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5094167801","display_name":"Patryk Lamprecht","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8474-5672"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patryk Lamprecht","raw_affiliation_strings":["Healthwear Sp. z o.o., 31-539 Cracow, Poland","Healthwear Sp. z o.o., 31-539 Cracow, Poland;"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8474-5672","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Healthwear Sp. z o.o., 31-539 Cracow, Poland","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Healthwear Sp. z o.o., 31-539 Cracow, Poland;","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5001270631"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108403487"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.9324,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73596154,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"6","first_page":"1887","last_page":"1887"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11109","display_name":"Thermoregulation and physiological responses","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11109","display_name":"Thermoregulation and physiological responses","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12994","display_name":"Infrared Thermography in Medicine","score":0.9868000149726868,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11861","display_name":"Thermal Regulation in Medicine","score":0.9810000061988831,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2706","display_name":"Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measurement-uncertainty","display_name":"Measurement uncertainty","score":0.6805216670036316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/temperature-measurement","display_name":"Temperature measurement","score":0.6440075635910034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heat-flux","display_name":"Heat flux","score":0.6297059059143066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monte-carlo-method","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","score":0.6017686128616333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work","display_name":"Work (physics)","score":0.5949339866638184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/uncertainty-analysis","display_name":"Uncertainty analysis","score":0.5187021493911743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/core","display_name":"Core (optical fiber)","score":0.506123960018158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flux","display_name":"Flux (metallurgy)","score":0.48902663588523865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heat-transfer","display_name":"Heat transfer","score":0.487781822681427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accuracy-and-precision","display_name":"Accuracy and precision","score":0.4333204925060272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.3876154124736786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermodynamics","display_name":"Thermodynamics","score":0.36947882175445557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.36234143376350403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanics","display_name":"Mechanics","score":0.34388720989227295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.26428455114364624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.25057005882263184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.22422662377357483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.20057937502861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.15791624784469604}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137209882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1403517","display_name":"Measurement uncertainty","level":2,"score":0.6805216670036316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72293138","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909741","display_name":"Temperature measurement","level":2,"score":0.6440075635910034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159188206","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1478382","display_name":"Heat flux","level":3,"score":0.6297059059143066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19499675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232207","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","level":2,"score":0.6017686128616333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5949339866638184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177803969","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29205","display_name":"Uncertainty analysis","level":2,"score":0.5187021493911743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2164484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5170150","display_name":"Core (optical fiber)","level":2,"score":0.506123960018158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68709404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134475","display_name":"Flux (metallurgy)","level":2,"score":0.48902663588523865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50517652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179635","display_name":"Heat transfer","level":2,"score":0.487781822681427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202799725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q272035","display_name":"Accuracy and precision","level":2,"score":0.4333204925060272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.3876154124736786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.36947882175445557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.36234143376350403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57879066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217","display_name":"Mechanics","level":1,"score":0.34388720989227295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.26428455114364624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.25057005882263184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.22422662377357483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.20057937502861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.15791624784469604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191897082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11467","display_name":"Metallurgy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24061887","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24061887","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/6/1887/pdf?version=1710491727","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38544149","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38544149","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10974837","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10974837","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10974837/pdf/sensors-24-01887.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:fd94562c3ece46bf83ce228c368e2aff","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/fd94562c3ece46bf83ce228c368e2aff","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 24, Iss 6, p 1887 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24061887","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24061887","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/6/1887/pdf?version=1710491727","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4392863751.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1820692900","https://openalex.org/W1951668749","https://openalex.org/W1972867069","https://openalex.org/W1991665470","https://openalex.org/W1991718440","https://openalex.org/W2003986528","https://openalex.org/W2051645561","https://openalex.org/W2082489351","https://openalex.org/W2115228849","https://openalex.org/W2136581190","https://openalex.org/W2211033420","https://openalex.org/W2266298768","https://openalex.org/W2284370343","https://openalex.org/W2343399423","https://openalex.org/W2568167893","https://openalex.org/W2745004388","https://openalex.org/W2797989127","https://openalex.org/W2907937620","https://openalex.org/W2909517085","https://openalex.org/W2912226957","https://openalex.org/W2914949227","https://openalex.org/W2920660698","https://openalex.org/W2994983141","https://openalex.org/W3042872855","https://openalex.org/W3082101762","https://openalex.org/W3089114729","https://openalex.org/W3128752498","https://openalex.org/W3159276038","https://openalex.org/W3159724482","https://openalex.org/W3194872853","https://openalex.org/W4205091354","https://openalex.org/W4282010849","https://openalex.org/W4303982459","https://openalex.org/W4312194873","https://openalex.org/W4316042074","https://openalex.org/W4324045735","https://openalex.org/W4366808490","https://openalex.org/W4383534907","https://openalex.org/W4389639609"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3212153563","https://openalex.org/W3130844878","https://openalex.org/W4312671192","https://openalex.org/W2387053421","https://openalex.org/W4205181462","https://openalex.org/W3139964550","https://openalex.org/W2376953431","https://openalex.org/W2949799777","https://openalex.org/W2389177173","https://openalex.org/W2388898390"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Non-invasive":[0],"core":[1],"body":[2],"temperature":[3,7,38,44,69,121,159],"(CBT)":[4],"measurements":[5],"using":[6],"and":[8,18,37,40,54,70,84,100,186],"heat-flux":[9],"have":[10],"become":[11],"popular":[12],"in":[13,151],"health,":[14],"sports,":[15],"work":[16],"safety,":[17],"general":[19],"well-being":[20],"applications.":[21],"This":[22],"research":[23],"aimed":[24],"to":[25,58],"evaluate":[26],"two":[27],"commonly":[28],"used":[29,47],"sensor":[30,102],"designs:":[31],"those":[32,41],"that":[33,155],"combine":[34],"heat":[35,78,128],"flux":[36,71,134],"sensors,":[39,72],"with":[42],"four":[43],"sensors.":[45],"We":[46,170],"analytical":[48],"methods,":[49],"particularly":[50],"uncertainty":[51,150,165],"analysis":[52,144],"calculus":[53],"Monte":[55],"Carlo":[56],"simulations,":[57],"analyse":[59],"measurement":[60,97,111,177],"accuracy,":[61],"which":[62,179],"depends":[63],"on":[64,182],"the":[65,68,90,93,117,127,132,139,146,156,163,167,173,183],"accuracy":[66,94,157],"of":[67,95,126,131,145,149,158,166,176],"mechanical":[73],"construction":[74],"parameters":[75],"(such":[76],"as":[77,189,191],"transfer":[79,129],"coefficient),":[80],"ambient":[81,120],"air":[82],"temperature,":[83],"CBT":[85,140,152,168],"values.":[86],"The":[87,124],"results":[88],"show":[89],"relationship":[91],"between":[92],"each":[96],"method":[98,184],"variant":[99,185],"various":[101],"parameters,":[103],"indicating":[104],"their":[105],"suitability":[106],"for":[107],"different":[108],"scenarios.":[109],"All":[110],"variants":[112],"showed":[113],"unstable":[114],"behaviour":[115],"around":[116],"point":[118],"where":[119],"equals":[122],"CBT.":[123],"ratio":[125],"coefficients":[130],"dual-heat":[133],"(DHF)":[135],"sensor's":[136],"channels":[137],"impacts":[138,162],"estimation":[141],"uncertainty.":[142],"An":[143],"individual":[147],"components":[148],"estimates":[153],"reveals":[154],"sensors":[160],"significantly":[161],"overall":[164],"measurement.":[169],"also":[171],"calculated":[172],"theoretical":[174],"limits":[175],"uncertainty,":[178],"varied":[180],"depending":[181],"could":[187],"be":[188],"low":[190],"0.05":[192],"\u00b0C.":[193]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}