{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4392647129","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24061798","title":"Spectrogram Inversion for Reconstruction of Electric Currents at Industrial Frequencies: A Deep Learning Approach","display_name":"Spectrogram Inversion for Reconstruction of Electric Currents at Industrial Frequencies: A Deep Learning Approach","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-03-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4392647129","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24061798","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38544061"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24061798","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24061798","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/6/1798/pdf?version=1710150698","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/6/1798/pdf?version=1710150698","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5094115027","display_name":"Abderraouf Lalla","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25217355","display_name":"University of Pavia","ror":"https://ror.org/00s6t1f81","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25217355"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abderraouf Lalla","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 5, 27100 Pavia, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 5, 27100 Pavia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25217355"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103720464","display_name":"Andrea Albini","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25217355","display_name":"University of Pavia","ror":"https://ror.org/00s6t1f81","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25217355"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrea Albini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 5, 27100 Pavia, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 5, 27100 Pavia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25217355"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055031451","display_name":"Paolo Di Barba","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5293-1809"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25217355","display_name":"University of Pavia","ror":"https://ror.org/00s6t1f81","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25217355"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paolo Di Barba","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 5, 27100 Pavia, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5293-1809","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 5, 27100 Pavia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25217355"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008776171","display_name":"Maria Evelina Mognaschi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3300-0296"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25217355","display_name":"University of Pavia","ror":"https://ror.org/00s6t1f81","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25217355"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Maria Evelina Mognaschi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 5, 27100 Pavia, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3300-0296","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 5, 27100 Pavia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25217355"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5008776171"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25217355"],"apc_list":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"apc_paid":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.01878643,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"6","first_page":"1798","last_page":"1798"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12169","display_name":"Non-Destructive Testing Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12169","display_name":"Non-Destructive Testing Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11778","display_name":"Electrical and Bioimpedance Tomography","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12692","display_name":"Magnetic Field Sensors Techniques","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectrogram","display_name":"Spectrogram","score":0.9471554756164551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnetic-field","display_name":"Magnetic field","score":0.5846278667449951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.526701033115387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conductor","display_name":"Conductor","score":0.48650068044662476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electromagnetic-induction","display_name":"Electromagnetic induction","score":0.4793032705783844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.4662064015865326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4635991156101227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4610520899295807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4519887864589691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inversion","display_name":"Inversion (geology)","score":0.4513588547706604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/current","display_name":"Current (fluid)","score":0.443760484457016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4361193776130676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3483980894088745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.3448072671890259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.33242976665496826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.23883682489395142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.19051894545555115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.14948004484176636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electromagnetic-coil","display_name":"Electromagnetic coil","score":0.11912104487419128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.09936997294425964}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45273575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q578970","display_name":"Spectrogram","level":2,"score":0.9471554756164551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115260700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11408","display_name":"Magnetic field","level":2,"score":0.5846278667449951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.526701033115387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34800285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5159395","display_name":"Conductor","level":2,"score":0.48650068044662476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102130693","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q988780","display_name":"Electromagnetic induction","level":3,"score":0.4793032705783844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.4662064015865326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4635991156101227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4610520899295807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4519887864589691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1893757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3653001","display_name":"Inversion (geology)","level":3,"score":0.4513588547706604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148043351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4456944","display_name":"Current (fluid)","level":2,"score":0.443760484457016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4361193776130676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3483980894088745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.3448072671890259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.33242976665496826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.23883682489395142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.19051894545555115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.14948004484176636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30403606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2981904","display_name":"Electromagnetic coil","level":2,"score":0.11912104487419128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.09936997294425964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109007969","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q749565","display_name":"Structural basin","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24061798","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24061798","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/6/1798/pdf?version=1710150698","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38544061","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38544061","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10976137","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10976137","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10976137/pdf/sensors-24-01798.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4d9e11be571344a5ad97c13befbecb7d","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4d9e11be571344a5ad97c13befbecb7d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 24, Iss 6, p 1798 (2024)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/24/6/1798/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24061798","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24061798","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24061798","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/6/1798/pdf?version=1710150698","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4392647129.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4392647129.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1989486129","https://openalex.org/W2127394451","https://openalex.org/W2242218935","https://openalex.org/W2281135726","https://openalex.org/W3028129150","https://openalex.org/W3111490354","https://openalex.org/W3140671435","https://openalex.org/W3198657361","https://openalex.org/W3210305734","https://openalex.org/W4205556338","https://openalex.org/W4220771088","https://openalex.org/W4250482016","https://openalex.org/W4280536967","https://openalex.org/W4321793224","https://openalex.org/W4380680536","https://openalex.org/W4387974751"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2530685530","https://openalex.org/W4375868962","https://openalex.org/W2011227383","https://openalex.org/W2088854863","https://openalex.org/W3179495260","https://openalex.org/W1976719989","https://openalex.org/W3127543252","https://openalex.org/W2065606036","https://openalex.org/W2942893872","https://openalex.org/W2016904525"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1,106],"paper,":[2],"we":[3],"present":[4],"a":[5,31,39,45,75,84,116],"deep":[6,80],"learning":[7,81],"approach":[8,82,107],"for":[9],"identifying":[10],"current":[11,28,97,110],"intensity":[12],"and":[13,95],"frequency.":[14,77],"The":[15,78],"reconstruction":[16],"is":[17,108,112],"based":[18],"on":[19],"measurements":[20],"of":[21,43,50,52,105],"the":[22,27,48,53,70,90,96,124],"magnetic":[23,40,54,118],"field":[24,34,55,72,119],"generated":[25],"by":[26,65],"flowing":[29],"in":[30],"conductor.":[32,125],"Magnetic":[33],"data":[35],"are":[36,60],"collected":[37],"using":[38,115],"probe":[41,120],"capable":[42],"generating":[44],"spectrogram,":[46],"representing":[47],"spectrum":[49],"frequencies":[51],"over":[56],"time.":[57],"These":[58],"spectrograms":[59],"saved":[61],"as":[62,93,101],"images":[63],"characterized":[64],"color":[66],"density":[67],"proportional":[68],"to":[69,123],"induction":[71],"value":[73,100],"at":[74],"given":[76],"proposed":[79],"utilizes":[83],"convolutional":[85],"neural":[86],"network":[87],"(CNN)":[88],"with":[89],"spectrogram":[91],"image":[92],"input":[94],"or":[98],"frequency":[99],"output.":[102],"One":[103],"advantage":[104],"that":[109],"estimation":[111],"achieved":[113],"contactless,":[114],"simple":[117],"positioned":[121],"close":[122]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}