{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4392600104","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24061757","title":"Optimization of the Semi-Active-Suspension Control of BP Neural Network PID Based on the Sparrow Search Algorithm","display_name":"Optimization of the Semi-Active-Suspension Control of BP Neural Network PID Based on the Sparrow Search Algorithm","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-03-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4392600104","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24061757","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38544019"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24061757","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24061757","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/6/1757/pdf?version=1709906041","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/6/1757/pdf?version=1709906041","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100331886","display_name":"Mei Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6547-4424"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20942203","display_name":"Hainan University","ror":"https://ror.org/03q648j11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mei Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mechanical and Electrical Engineering College, Hainan University, Haikou 570100, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mechanical and Electrical Engineering College, Hainan University, Haikou 570100, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100335015","display_name":"Jie Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5119-9588"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20942203","display_name":"Hainan University","ror":"https://ror.org/03q648j11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jie Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mechanical and Electrical Engineering College, Hainan University, Haikou 570100, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mechanical and Electrical Engineering College, Hainan University, Haikou 570100, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034746334","display_name":"Zelong Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8517-6862"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20942203","display_name":"Hainan University","ror":"https://ror.org/03q648j11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zelong Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mechanical and Electrical Engineering College, Hainan University, Haikou 570100, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mechanical and Electrical Engineering College, Hainan University, Haikou 570100, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104254945","display_name":"Shuaihang Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20942203","display_name":"Hainan University","ror":"https://ror.org/03q648j11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuaihang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mechanical and Electrical Engineering College, Hainan University, Haikou 570100, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mechanical and Electrical Engineering College, Hainan University, Haikou 570100, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100331886"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":9.2323,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":34,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98533049,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"6","first_page":"1757","last_page":"1757"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14011","display_name":"Elevator Systems and Control","score":0.9916999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14011","display_name":"Elevator Systems and Control","score":0.9916999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10805","display_name":"Vehicle Dynamics and Control Systems","score":0.9887999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13717","display_name":"Advanced Algorithms and Applications","score":0.9853000044822693,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sprung-mass","display_name":"Sprung mass","score":0.9035083055496216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pid-controller","display_name":"PID controller","score":0.6796886324882507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-vehicle","display_name":"Electric vehicle","score":0.5797945261001587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.5510275959968567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle-swarm-optimization","display_name":"Particle swarm optimization","score":0.5479852557182312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.5097736716270447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vibration","display_name":"Vibration","score":0.4820038378238678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering","display_name":"Automotive engineering","score":0.4576430022716522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/controller","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","score":0.4286612272262573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.27362048625946045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-engineering","display_name":"Control engineering","score":0.2487909495830536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.12183678150177002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/damper","display_name":"Damper","score":0.1027131974697113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.0949036180973053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.07824981212615967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.07299315929412842}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776853740","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1750646","display_name":"Sprung mass","level":3,"score":0.9035083055496216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47116090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q716829","display_name":"PID controller","level":3,"score":0.6796886324882507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776422217","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13629441","display_name":"Electric vehicle","level":3,"score":0.5797945261001587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.5510275959968567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85617194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2072794","display_name":"Particle swarm optimization","level":2,"score":0.5479852557182312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.5097736716270447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198394728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3695508","display_name":"Vibration","level":2,"score":0.4820038378238678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.4576430022716522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.4286612272262573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.27362048625946045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.2487909495830536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.12183678150177002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140096630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3423628","display_name":"Damper","level":2,"score":0.1027131974697113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.0949036180973053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.07824981212615967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.07299315929412842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C536315585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7698332","display_name":"Temperature control","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24061757","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24061757","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/6/1757/pdf?version=1709906041","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38544019","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38544019","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10975843","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10975843","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10975843/pdf/sensors-24-01757.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:bc8ae2527ee74742b55946fbcb87636c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/bc8ae2527ee74742b55946fbcb87636c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 24, Iss 6, p 1757 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24061757","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24061757","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/6/1757/pdf?version=1709906041","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.5400000214576721,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1170461683","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"202007565009","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322725","funder_display_name":"China Scholarship Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7374235047","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019RC144","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322866","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hainan Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322725","display_name":"China Scholarship Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04atp4p48"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322866","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hainan Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4392600104.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W331197271","https://openalex.org/W1958706663","https://openalex.org/W1971071852","https://openalex.org/W2032466926","https://openalex.org/W2061539413","https://openalex.org/W2175997243","https://openalex.org/W2259988869","https://openalex.org/W2342239982","https://openalex.org/W2433896923","https://openalex.org/W2615712430","https://openalex.org/W2756368540","https://openalex.org/W2790174894","https://openalex.org/W2799913457","https://openalex.org/W2808627228","https://openalex.org/W2887871965","https://openalex.org/W2888648740","https://openalex.org/W2901451842","https://openalex.org/W2904315442","https://openalex.org/W2908813206","https://openalex.org/W2913093499","https://openalex.org/W2938778615","https://openalex.org/W2942756333","https://openalex.org/W2946003098","https://openalex.org/W2975868329","https://openalex.org/W2998553334","https://openalex.org/W3022344453","https://openalex.org/W3131567678","https://openalex.org/W3133606204","https://openalex.org/W3159479300","https://openalex.org/W3198486408","https://openalex.org/W3205250450","https://openalex.org/W3211156805","https://openalex.org/W4221087045","https://openalex.org/W4288720230","https://openalex.org/W4292635991","https://openalex.org/W4293104858","https://openalex.org/W4293371018","https://openalex.org/W4301398376","https://openalex.org/W4307111825","https://openalex.org/W4319300232","https://openalex.org/W6849658393"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2021596583","https://openalex.org/W2371769559","https://openalex.org/W2122125679","https://openalex.org/W2906339706","https://openalex.org/W2809787827","https://openalex.org/W2078782536","https://openalex.org/W2393592727","https://openalex.org/W2153629532","https://openalex.org/W2368034024","https://openalex.org/W2363312036"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Electric":[0],"vehicles":[1,49],"with":[2,152],"hub":[3,60,73],"motors":[4],"have":[5],"integrated":[6],"the":[7,10,14,18,22,25,35,42,45,59,65,72,76,92,140,148,160,165,171,180],"motor":[8,29,57,74,83,98],"into":[9,63],"wheel,":[11],"which":[12],"increase":[13,66],"unsprung":[15],"mass":[16,69],"of":[17,24,47,79,106,174],"vehicle,":[19],"and":[20,75,90,100,125,155,178],"intensifies":[21,34],"vibration":[23,81],"underspring":[26],"components.":[27],"The":[28,38,51],"excitation":[30,94],"during":[31],"driving":[32,188],"also":[33],"wheel":[36,97],"vibration.":[37],"coupling":[39],"effect":[40],"between":[41],"two":[43],"makes":[44],"performance":[46,184],"electric":[48,176],"deteriorate.":[50],"article":[52],"employed":[53],"a":[54,103,107,132],"disc-type":[55],"permanent-magnet":[56],"as":[58,129],"motor,":[61],"taking":[62],"consideration":[64],"in":[67],"sprung":[68],"caused":[70,95],"by":[71,96],"adverse":[77],"effects":[78],"vertical":[80,112],"from":[82],"excitation.":[84],"Based":[85],"on":[86,139],"random":[87],"road-surface":[88],"excitation,":[89],"considering":[91],"secondary":[93],"drive":[99],"vehicle-road":[101,109],"coupling,":[102],"coupled-dynamics":[104],"model":[105],"semi-active-suspension":[108,149],"system":[110],"for":[111,147,182],"vehicle":[113,187],"motion":[114],"is":[115,145],"investigated":[116],"under":[117,185],"multiple":[118],"excitations.":[119],"Using":[120],"body":[121],"acceleration,":[122],"suspension":[123,168],"deflection,":[124],"dynamic":[126],"tire":[127],"load":[128],"evaluation":[130],"indicators,":[131],"BP":[133],"neural":[134],"network":[135],"PID":[136,153],"controller":[137],"based":[138],"sparrow":[141],"search":[142],"algorithm":[143],"optimization":[144,158],"proposed":[146],"system.":[150],"Compared":[151],"control":[154,183],"particle":[156],"swarm":[157],"(PSO-BPNN-PID),":[159],"research":[161],"findings":[162],"indicate":[163],"that":[164],"optimized":[166],"semi-active":[167],"significantly":[169],"improves":[170],"ride":[172],"comfort":[173],"hub-motor":[175],"vehicles,":[177],"meets":[179],"requirements":[181],"different":[186],"conditions.":[189]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}