{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4392599620","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24061755","title":"A Review: High-Precision Angle Measurement Technologies","display_name":"A Review: High-Precision Angle Measurement Technologies","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-03-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4392599620","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24061755","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38544020"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24061755","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24061755","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/6/1755/pdf?version=1709906499","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/6/1755/pdf?version=1709906499","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056738954","display_name":"Shengtong Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5888-9864"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114105","display_name":"Tsinghua\u2013Berkeley Shenzhen Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02hhwwz98","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114105","https://openalex.org/I95457486","https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shengtong Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114105","https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102011826","display_name":"Rui Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3238-3392"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114105","display_name":"Tsinghua\u2013Berkeley Shenzhen Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02hhwwz98","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114105","https://openalex.org/I95457486","https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rui Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114105","https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061972665","display_name":"Feifan Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4806-5236"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114105","display_name":"Tsinghua\u2013Berkeley Shenzhen Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02hhwwz98","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114105","https://openalex.org/I95457486","https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Feifan Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114105","https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067747772","display_name":"Linbin Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1297-4086"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114105","display_name":"Tsinghua\u2013Berkeley Shenzhen Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02hhwwz98","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114105","https://openalex.org/I95457486","https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Linbin Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114105","https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101626462","display_name":"Xinghui Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8471-8196"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114105","display_name":"Tsinghua\u2013Berkeley Shenzhen Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02hhwwz98","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114105","https://openalex.org/I95457486","https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xinghui Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China","Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114105","https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114105","https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101626462"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114105","https://openalex.org/I99065089"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":13.4296,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":62,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99599552,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"6","first_page":"1755","last_page":"1755"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11583","display_name":"Advanced Measurement and Metrology Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11583","display_name":"Advanced Measurement and Metrology Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14163","display_name":"Astronomical Observations and Instrumentation","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10638","display_name":"Optical measurement and interference techniques","score":0.9887999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accuracy-and-precision","display_name":"Accuracy and precision","score":0.638804018497467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoder","display_name":"Encoder","score":0.6311275362968445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5745700597763062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/observational-error","display_name":"Observational error","score":0.5530564785003662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interferometry","display_name":"Interferometry","score":0.5280095934867859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rotary-encoder","display_name":"Rotary encoder","score":0.5238682627677917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.5002620220184326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measure","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","score":0.4832075834274292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/system-of-measurement","display_name":"System of measurement","score":0.4716835618019104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensitivity","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","score":0.46873196959495544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.33916041254997253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.33585184812545776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.22852182388305664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.18483707308769226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.09963822364807129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerospace-engineering","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","score":0.08789774775505066}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202799725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q272035","display_name":"Accuracy and precision","level":2,"score":0.638804018497467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118505674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42586063","display_name":"Encoder","level":2,"score":0.6311275362968445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5745700597763062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19619285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q196372","display_name":"Observational error","level":2,"score":0.5530564785003662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166689943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q850283","display_name":"Interferometry","level":2,"score":0.5280095934867859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37488316","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q53699","display_name":"Rotary encoder","level":3,"score":0.5238682627677917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.5002620220184326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.4832075834274292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37649242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932268","display_name":"System of measurement","level":2,"score":0.4716835618019104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.46873196959495544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.33916041254997253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.33585184812545776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.22852182388305664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.18483707308769226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.09963822364807129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.08789774775505066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24061755","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24061755","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/6/1755/pdf?version=1709906499","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38544020","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38544020","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10974437","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10974437","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4dd95df7e7e344d8a3de9b02704639e8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4dd95df7e7e344d8a3de9b02704639e8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 24, Iss 6, p 1755 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24061755","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24061755","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/6/1755/pdf?version=1709906499","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.41999998688697815,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6153510103","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62275142","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322392","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4392599620.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":249,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W605325243","https://openalex.org/W1166741917","https://openalex.org/W1507298479","https://openalex.org/W1625825383","https://openalex.org/W1767571371","https://openalex.org/W1966046470","https://openalex.org/W1967787956","https://openalex.org/W1968356682","https://openalex.org/W1968546045","https://openalex.org/W1969883785","https://openalex.org/W1974071209","https://openalex.org/W1974106063","https://openalex.org/W1977905015","https://openalex.org/W1979982239","https://openalex.org/W1986435848","https://openalex.org/W1990060770","https://openalex.org/W1998756577","https://openalex.org/W2001365409","https://openalex.org/W2002027049","https://openalex.org/W2003828306","https://openalex.org/W2004360248","https://openalex.org/W2010238760","https://openalex.org/W2011431440","https://openalex.org/W2012560693","https://openalex.org/W2015107228","https://openalex.org/W2017161545","https://openalex.org/W2020354581","https://openalex.org/W2021447842","https://openalex.org/W2022446877","https://openalex.org/W2022819096","https://openalex.org/W2029034297","https://openalex.org/W2030272940","https://openalex.org/W2031321782","https://openalex.org/W2034285348","https://openalex.org/W2037754100","https://openalex.org/W2039924400","https://openalex.org/W2041635206","https://openalex.org/W2052506786","https://openalex.org/W2052893384","https://openalex.org/W2055237474","https://openalex.org/W2056908124","https://openalex.org/W2071555471","https://openalex.org/W2071635208","https://openalex.org/W2073835478","https://openalex.org/W2074169311","https://openalex.org/W2075821591","https://openalex.org/W2082132180","https://openalex.org/W2088804728","https://openalex.org/W2089318599","https://openalex.org/W2096927441","https://openalex.org/W2098532495","https://openalex.org/W2100081144","https://openalex.org/W2102481569","https://openalex.org/W2110224529","https://openalex.org/W2117204543","https://openalex.org/W2138857477","https://openalex.org/W2142101005","https://openalex.org/W2151103935","https://openalex.org/W2152060061","https://openalex.org/W2160072137","https://openalex.org/W2164251426","https://openalex.org/W2166138655","https://openalex.org/W2183426846","https://openalex.org/W2217381962","https://openalex.org/W2245695575","https://openalex.org/W2257616469","https://openalex.org/W2268072277","https://openalex.org/W2293580985","https://openalex.org/W2298266476","https://openalex.org/W2327263746","https://openalex.org/W2328237486","https://openalex.org/W2331820484","https://openalex.org/W2346601378","https://openalex.org/W2396610147","https://openalex.org/W2418967315","https://openalex.org/W2422440950","https://openalex.org/W2468171748","https://openalex.org/W2471367111","https://openalex.org/W2483646448","https://openalex.org/W2531135247","https://openalex.org/W2558896149","https://openalex.org/W2560658880","https://openalex.org/W2570966529","https://openalex.org/W2588215014","https://openalex.org/W2593205701","https://openalex.org/W2599799230","https://openalex.org/W2726628778","https://openalex.org/W2730608400","https://openalex.org/W2735087694","https://openalex.org/W2765584985","https://openalex.org/W2790698107","https://openalex.org/W2795115588","https://openalex.org/W2802204419","https://openalex.org/W2809126089","https://openalex.org/W2884231476","https://openalex.org/W2884595291","https://openalex.org/W2886609198","https://openalex.org/W2897517635","https://openalex.org/W2901024574","https://openalex.org/W2901768056","https://openalex.org/W2903336162","https://openalex.org/W2903364529","https://openalex.org/W2903471475","https://openalex.org/W2905062969","https://openalex.org/W2914383503","https://openalex.org/W2920725397","https://openalex.org/W2938424996","https://openalex.org/W2944271771","https://openalex.org/W2949302844","https://openalex.org/W2953809838","https://openalex.org/W2969986767","https://openalex.org/W2972380308","https://openalex.org/W2972381871","https://openalex.org/W2985560137","https://openalex.org/W2990666264","https://openalex.org/W2999422001","https://openalex.org/W3009078998","https://openalex.org/W3010918437","https://openalex.org/W3013796971","https://openalex.org/W3014363458","https://openalex.org/W3029504978","https://openalex.org/W3034268164","https://openalex.org/W3035083204","https://openalex.org/W3035754405","https://openalex.org/W3042557754","https://openalex.org/W3049685284","https://openalex.org/W3087860141","https://openalex.org/W3088495234","https://openalex.org/W3089338192","https://openalex.org/W3090180112","https://openalex.org/W3091309479","https://openalex.org/W3095556543","https://openalex.org/W3097465751","https://openalex.org/W3098740411","https://openalex.org/W3112163074","https://openalex.org/W3112248161","https://openalex.org/W3114066303","https://openalex.org/W3114857091","https://openalex.org/W3123276937","https://openalex.org/W3124101035","https://openalex.org/W3124510154","https://openalex.org/W3145235841","https://openalex.org/W3154937836","https://openalex.org/W3159154124","https://openalex.org/W3159671154","https://openalex.org/W3166844897","https://openalex.org/W3176509238","https://openalex.org/W3182716752","https://openalex.org/W3185880753","https://openalex.org/W3195281505","https://openalex.org/W3198453795","https://openalex.org/W3203277864","https://openalex.org/W3208146154","https://openalex.org/W3212086262","https://openalex.org/W3213060412","https://openalex.org/W3215278753","https://openalex.org/W3216175452","https://openalex.org/W3216676289","https://openalex.org/W3217406140","https://openalex.org/W4200430757","https://openalex.org/W4200433217","https://openalex.org/W4205910061","https://openalex.org/W4205967689","https://openalex.org/W4206552702","https://openalex.org/W4206615322","https://openalex.org/W4206688017","https://openalex.org/W4206735894","https://openalex.org/W4210562663","https://openalex.org/W4213385094","https://openalex.org/W4214770234","https://openalex.org/W4220664916","https://openalex.org/W4220725998","https://openalex.org/W4220940778","https://openalex.org/W4224937181","https://openalex.org/W4226055060","https://openalex.org/W4226349078","https://openalex.org/W4226492194","https://openalex.org/W4236428565","https://openalex.org/W4256051173","https://openalex.org/W4280519820","https://openalex.org/W4280621423","https://openalex.org/W4281256852","https://openalex.org/W4281667763","https://openalex.org/W4282841813","https://openalex.org/W4284962072","https://openalex.org/W4284968515","https://openalex.org/W4284977607","https://openalex.org/W4285007173","https://openalex.org/W4285063248","https://openalex.org/W4285125171","https://openalex.org/W4285795087","https://openalex.org/W4286007508","https://openalex.org/W4288062169","https://openalex.org/W4292641469","https://openalex.org/W4294253322","https://openalex.org/W4297540216","https://openalex.org/W4304820611","https://openalex.org/W4308917519","https://openalex.org/W4309571317","https://openalex.org/W4311916215","https://openalex.org/W4311916222","https://openalex.org/W4312373892","https://openalex.org/W4312840751","https://openalex.org/W4312875646","https://openalex.org/W4313592367","https://openalex.org/W4318327052","https://openalex.org/W4321595841","https://openalex.org/W4352977761","https://openalex.org/W4360596173","https://openalex.org/W4360605265","https://openalex.org/W4366218426","https://openalex.org/W4366472736","https://openalex.org/W4367040654","https://openalex.org/W4377294626","https://openalex.org/W4378837054","https://openalex.org/W4380786511","https://openalex.org/W4381663013","https://openalex.org/W4383198012","https://openalex.org/W4384934042","https://openalex.org/W4385461281","https://openalex.org/W4385486263","https://openalex.org/W4385688507","https://openalex.org/W4385933001","https://openalex.org/W4386223571","https://openalex.org/W4386223695","https://openalex.org/W4386447998","https://openalex.org/W4386703400","https://openalex.org/W4386882708","https://openalex.org/W4387489857","https://openalex.org/W4387533391","https://openalex.org/W4387713446","https://openalex.org/W4388768530","https://openalex.org/W4389044379","https://openalex.org/W4389044509","https://openalex.org/W4389572102","https://openalex.org/W4392399508","https://openalex.org/W6642197965","https://openalex.org/W6660430158","https://openalex.org/W6663733901","https://openalex.org/W6783694217","https://openalex.org/W6787186520","https://openalex.org/W6794782526","https://openalex.org/W6839783370","https://openalex.org/W6839909324","https://openalex.org/W6840231949","https://openalex.org/W6854472851","https://openalex.org/W6855463951","https://openalex.org/W6857200596","https://openalex.org/W6862316288"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2092896760","https://openalex.org/W2373662871","https://openalex.org/W2168195809","https://openalex.org/W2068021791","https://openalex.org/W2313879336","https://openalex.org/W998225366","https://openalex.org/W4205612800","https://openalex.org/W1970044251","https://openalex.org/W2322736329","https://openalex.org/W2383833818"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Angle":[0],"measurement":[1,8,30,41,50,58,63,91,110,120,146,157,170,199],"is":[2,65,171,225],"an":[3,113,148],"essential":[4],"component":[5],"of":[6,22,48,54,142,156,222],"precision":[7,23,169,205],"and":[9,25,39,56,79,88,104,128,159,193,207,210],"serves":[10],"as":[11,72,83,85,241],"a":[12,201],"crucial":[13,202],"prerequisite":[14],"for":[15],"high-end":[16],"manufacturing.":[17],"It":[18],"guides":[19],"the":[20,46,52,61,98,108,118,132,188,208,214],"implementation":[21],"manufacturing":[24,215],"assembly.":[26],"The":[27,220],"current":[28,237],"angle":[29,49,90,145,198],"methods":[31,96],"mainly":[32],"focus":[33],"on":[34],"multiple":[35],"axes,":[36,243],"high":[37,102],"precision,":[38],"large":[40],"ranges.":[42],"This":[43],"article":[44],"introduces":[45],"technology":[47],"from":[51],"perspectives":[53],"single-axis":[55,62],"multi-axis":[57,119],"schemes.":[59],"Firstly,":[60],"scheme":[64],"primarily":[66],"achieved":[67],"through":[68],"optical":[69],"methods,":[70,92],"such":[71,240],"encoder":[73,105],"discs":[74,106],"that":[75],"measure":[76],"energy":[77],"changes":[78],"interferometric":[80,95],"phase":[81],"changes,":[82],"well":[84],"mechanical,":[86],"electromagnetic,":[87],"inertial":[89],"among":[93],"which":[94],"offer":[97],"highest":[99],"accuracy,":[100],"with":[101,112,147,217],"cost,":[103],"provide":[107,213],"largest":[109],"range":[111,158],"ordinary":[114,149],"price.":[115],"Secondly,":[116],"in":[117,144,154,179,204],"scheme,":[121],"autocollimation":[122],"instruments,":[123],"including":[124],"plane":[125],"mirrors,":[126],"gratings,":[127],"self-designed":[129,163],"targets,":[130],"are":[131,152],"main":[133],"options.":[134],"Although":[135],"grating":[136],"encoders":[137],"can":[138],"achieve":[139],"three":[140],"degrees":[141],"freedom":[143],"price,":[150],"they":[151],"limited":[153],"terms":[155],"sensitivity":[160],"compared":[161],"to":[162,176,186,226,236],"targets.":[164],"Lastly,":[165],"artificial":[166],"intelligence":[167],"assistance":[168],"increasingly":[172],"being":[173],"embraced":[174],"due":[175],"significant":[177],"advancements":[178],"computer":[180],"performance,":[181],"making":[182],"it":[183],"more":[184,231],"convenient":[185],"identify":[187],"relationship":[189],"between":[190],"measured":[191],"values":[192],"detection":[194],"values.":[195],"In":[196],"conclusion,":[197],"plays":[200],"role":[203],"manufacturing,":[206],"evolving":[209],"improving":[211],"technologies":[212],"industry":[216],"greater":[218],"choices.":[219],"purpose":[221],"this":[223],"review":[224],"help":[227],"readers":[228],"quickly":[229],"find":[230],"suitable":[232],"technical":[233],"solutions":[234],"according":[235],"application":[238],"requirements,":[239],"single/multiple":[242],"accuracy":[244],"level,":[245],"measuring":[246],"range,":[247],"budget,":[248],"etc.":[249]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":40},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":18}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
