{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4392510079","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24051697","title":"Unmanned Surface Vehicle Thruster Fault Diagnosis via Vibration Signal Wavelet Transform and Vision Transformer under Varying Rotational Speed Conditions","display_name":"Unmanned Surface Vehicle Thruster Fault Diagnosis via Vibration Signal Wavelet Transform and Vision Transformer under Varying Rotational Speed Conditions","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-03-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4392510079","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24051697","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38475233"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24051697","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24051697","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/5/1697/pdf?version=1709713617","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/5/1697/pdf?version=1709713617","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027314314","display_name":"Hyunjoon Cho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1084-8542"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197867492","display_name":"Korea Maritime and Ocean University","ror":"https://ror.org/01v7y5b55","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197867492"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hyunjoon Cho","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Maritime & Ocean University, Busan 49112, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1084-8542","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Maritime & Ocean University, Busan 49112, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197867492"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046533815","display_name":"Jung-Hyeun Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0347-9219"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197867492","display_name":"Korea Maritime and Ocean University","ror":"https://ror.org/01v7y5b55","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197867492"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jung-Hyeun Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Maritime & Ocean University, Busan 49112, Republic of Korea","Interdisciplinary Major of Ocean Renewable Energy Engineering, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan 49112, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Maritime & Ocean University, Busan 49112, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197867492"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Interdisciplinary Major of Ocean Renewable Energy Engineering, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan 49112, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197867492"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087477273","display_name":"Ki-Beom Choo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4399657955","display_name":"Korea Research Institute of Ships and Ocean Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/0046ap498","country_code":null,"type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4399657955"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ki-Beom Choo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced-Intelligent Ship Research Division, Korea Research Institute of Ship & Ocean Engineering, Daejeon 34103, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4856-1582","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced-Intelligent Ship Research Division, Korea Research Institute of Ship & Ocean Engineering, Daejeon 34103, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4399657955"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101745538","display_name":"Myung-Jun Kim","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Myungjun Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Maritime R&D Center, LIG NEX1 Co., Ltd., Seongnam-si 13488, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Maritime R&D Center, LIG NEX1 Co., Ltd., Seongnam-si 13488, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053196772","display_name":"Dae-Hyeong Ji","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8235-0407"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133437993","display_name":"Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/032m55064","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133437993"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dae-Hyeong Ji","raw_affiliation_strings":["Marine Domain & Security Research Department, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Busan 49112, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8235-0407","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Marine Domain & Security Research Department, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Busan 49112, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133437993"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101670667","display_name":"Hyeung\u2010Sik Choi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4060-8163"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197867492","display_name":"Korea Maritime and Ocean University","ror":"https://ror.org/01v7y5b55","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197867492"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hyeung-Sik Choi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Maritime & Ocean University, Busan 49112, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4060-8163","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Maritime & Ocean University, Busan 49112, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197867492"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101670667"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197867492"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":3.662,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92514063,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"5","first_page":"1697","last_page":"1697"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13050","display_name":"Oil and Gas Production Techniques","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13050","display_name":"Oil and Gas Production Techniques","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10220","display_name":"Machine Fault Diagnosis Techniques","score":0.9869999885559082,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12086","display_name":"Structural Integrity and Reliability Analysis","score":0.9692000150680542,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vibration","display_name":"Vibration","score":0.7177452445030212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hull","display_name":"Hull","score":0.6332206726074219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/continuous-wavelet-transform","display_name":"Continuous wavelet transform","score":0.54827880859375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.47880324721336365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavelet-transform","display_name":"Wavelet transform","score":0.47591906785964966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.44058090448379517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4023139178752899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.400986909866333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavelet","display_name":"Wavelet","score":0.392869234085083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3490014970302582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-wavelet-transform","display_name":"Discrete wavelet transform","score":0.3405175507068634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marine-engineering","display_name":"Marine engineering","score":0.2104189693927765}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198394728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3695508","display_name":"Vibration","level":2,"score":0.7177452445030212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37423430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6750281","display_name":"Hull","level":2,"score":0.6332206726074219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95722684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2622756","display_name":"Continuous wavelet transform","level":5,"score":0.54827880859375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.47880324721336365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196216189","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2867","display_name":"Wavelet transform","level":3,"score":0.47591906785964966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.44058090448379517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4023139178752899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.400986909866333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47432892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831390","display_name":"Wavelet","level":2,"score":0.392869234085083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3490014970302582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46286280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414958","display_name":"Discrete wavelet transform","level":4,"score":0.3405175507068634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199104240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118291","display_name":"Marine engineering","level":1,"score":0.2104189693927765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24051697","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24051697","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/5/1697/pdf?version=1709713617","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38475233","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38475233","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10934099","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10934099","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10934099/pdf/sensors-24-01697.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:98421f971f384209ab0aac93cf86202f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/98421f971f384209ab0aac93cf86202f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 24, Iss 5, p 1697 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24051697","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24051697","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/5/1697/pdf?version=1709713617","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","display_name":"Life below water","score":0.8799999952316284}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2843121088","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2020M3C1C1A02086321","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3351383504","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2020M3C1C1A02086321","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/01wpjm123"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4392510079.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1969322234","https://openalex.org/W1970352604","https://openalex.org/W2019055402","https://openalex.org/W2024427672","https://openalex.org/W2112679877","https://openalex.org/W2135125269","https://openalex.org/W2909965805","https://openalex.org/W2923051437","https://openalex.org/W2959414396","https://openalex.org/W2962921793","https://openalex.org/W2985428428","https://openalex.org/W3015140133","https://openalex.org/W3045622560","https://openalex.org/W3045770734","https://openalex.org/W3047550444","https://openalex.org/W3089916726","https://openalex.org/W3119832230","https://openalex.org/W3121425681","https://openalex.org/W3124077832","https://openalex.org/W3133554625","https://openalex.org/W3163342217","https://openalex.org/W3197397722","https://openalex.org/W3199495897","https://openalex.org/W3209014825","https://openalex.org/W3210048380","https://openalex.org/W3215237054","https://openalex.org/W4200097363","https://openalex.org/W4220946997","https://openalex.org/W4226192543","https://openalex.org/W4280643789","https://openalex.org/W4282946540","https://openalex.org/W4303710087","https://openalex.org/W4304136360","https://openalex.org/W4313130862","https://openalex.org/W4323530546","https://openalex.org/W4376135731","https://openalex.org/W4379521775","https://openalex.org/W4382045866","https://openalex.org/W4382599546","https://openalex.org/W4386435381","https://openalex.org/W4387501769","https://openalex.org/W6791596763"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W183670115","https://openalex.org/W1501179639","https://openalex.org/W3199035354","https://openalex.org/W2085792030","https://openalex.org/W1807354010","https://openalex.org/W3143644526","https://openalex.org/W598225674","https://openalex.org/W2734230146","https://openalex.org/W2077021924","https://openalex.org/W2094847008"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Among":[0],"unmanned":[1],"surface":[2],"vehicle":[3],"(USV)":[4],"components,":[5],"underwater":[6],"thrusters":[7,17],"are":[8,135],"pivotal":[9],"in":[10,68,115,149],"their":[11],"mission":[12],"execution":[13],"integrity.":[14],"Yet,":[15],"these":[16,124],"directly":[18],"interact":[19],"with":[20,171],"marine":[21],"environments,":[22],"making":[23],"them":[24],"perpetually":[25],"susceptible":[26],"to":[27,73,122],"malfunctions.":[28],"To":[29],"diagnose":[30],"thruster":[31],"faults,":[32],"a":[33,89,131,138,163],"non-invasive":[34],"and":[35,63,70,126,175,179,185],"cost-effective":[36],"vibration-based":[37],"methodology":[38],"that":[39],"does":[40],"not":[41,76],"require":[42],"altering":[43],"existing":[44],"systems":[45],"is":[46,56],"employed.":[47],"However,":[48],"the":[49,54,85,98],"vibration":[50,128,189],"data":[51,129],"collected":[52],"within":[53],"hull":[55,61],"influenced":[57],"by":[58],"propeller-fluid":[59],"interactions,":[60],"damping,":[62],"structural":[64],"resonant":[65],"frequencies,":[66],"resulting":[67],"noise":[69],"unpredictability.":[71],"Furthermore,":[72],"differentiate":[74],"faults":[75],"only":[77],"at":[78,187],"fixed":[79],"rotational":[80,91],"speeds":[81],"but":[82],"also":[83],"over":[84],"entire":[86],"range":[87],"of":[88,154,183],"thruster's":[90],"speeds,":[92],"traditional":[93],"frequency":[94],"analysis":[95],"based":[96],"on":[97],"Fourier":[99],"transform":[100,127],"cannot":[101],"be":[102],"utilized.":[103],"Hence,":[104],"Continuous":[105],"Wavelet":[106],"Transform":[107],"(CWT),":[108],"known":[109,143],"for":[110,144,166],"attributions":[111],"encapsulating":[112],"physical":[113],"characteristics":[114],"both":[116],"time-frequency":[117],"domain":[118],"nuances,":[119],"was":[120,158],"applied":[121],"address":[123],"complications":[125],"into":[130],"scalogram.":[132],"CWT":[133],"results":[134],"diagnosed":[136,178],"using":[137,162],"Vision":[139],"Transformer":[140],"(ViT)":[141],"classifier":[142],"its":[145],"global":[146],"context":[147],"awareness":[148],"image":[150],"processing.":[151],"The":[152],"effectiveness":[153],"this":[155],"diagnosis":[156],"approach":[157],"verified":[159],"through":[160],"experiments":[161],"USV":[164],"designed":[165],"field":[167],"experiments.":[168],"Seven":[169],"cases":[170],"different":[172,188],"fault":[173],"types":[174],"severity":[176],"were":[177],"yielded":[180],"average":[181],"accuracy":[182],"0.9855":[184],"0.9908":[186],"points,":[190],"respectively.":[191]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
