{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4392517134","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24051692","title":"A Capacitive Particle-Analyzing Smoke Detector for Very Early Fire Detection","display_name":"A Capacitive Particle-Analyzing Smoke Detector for Very Early Fire Detection","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-03-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4392517134","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24051692","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38475229"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24051692","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24051692","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/5/1692/pdf?version=1709710189","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/5/1692/pdf?version=1709710189","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073257504","display_name":"Boqiang Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210157899","display_name":"China State Shipbuilding (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/04rveb346","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210157899"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Boqiang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["703 Research Institute, China State Shipbuilding Corporation Limited, Harbin 150010, China","School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150006, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"703 Research Institute, China State Shipbuilding Corporation Limited, Harbin 150010, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210157899"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150006, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109860761","display_name":"Xuezeng Zhao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuezeng Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150006, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150006, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113210150","display_name":"Yiyong Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210157899","display_name":"China State Shipbuilding (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/04rveb346","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210157899"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yiyong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["703 Research Institute, China State Shipbuilding Corporation Limited, Harbin 150010, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"703 Research Institute, China State Shipbuilding Corporation Limited, Harbin 150010, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210157899"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100592299","display_name":"Zigang Song","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210157899","display_name":"China State Shipbuilding (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/04rveb346","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210157899"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zigang Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["703 Research Institute, China State Shipbuilding Corporation Limited, Harbin 150010, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"703 Research Institute, China State Shipbuilding Corporation Limited, Harbin 150010, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210157899"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110504223","display_name":"Zhuogang Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210157899","display_name":"China State Shipbuilding (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/04rveb346","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210157899"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhuogang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["703 Research Institute, China State Shipbuilding Corporation Limited, Harbin 150010, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"703 Research Institute, China State Shipbuilding Corporation Limited, Harbin 150010, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210157899"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5073257504"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213","https://openalex.org/I4210157899"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":3.095,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90232262,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"5","first_page":"1692","last_page":"1692"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12597","display_name":"Fire Detection and Safety Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12597","display_name":"Fire Detection and Safety Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12120","display_name":"Air Quality Monitoring and Forecasting","score":0.9865000247955322,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11317","display_name":"Fire dynamics and safety research","score":0.9854999780654907,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.8547351360321045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smoke","display_name":"Smoke","score":0.8116201758384705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fire-detection","display_name":"Fire detection","score":0.7070354223251343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle","display_name":"Particle (ecology)","score":0.6108051538467407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.5370376110076904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interference","display_name":"Interference (communication)","score":0.4743726849555969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.4241666793823242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensitivity","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","score":0.41300588846206665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.3828888535499573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process-engineering","display_name":"Process engineering","score":0.3358039855957031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3164672255516052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.2740342617034912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.26773637533187866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.2513059377670288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.21766459941864014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waste-management","display_name":"Waste management","score":0.15925300121307373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.08847233653068542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.05925953388214111}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.8547351360321045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58874564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130768","display_name":"Smoke","level":2,"score":0.8116201758384705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780836893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19922674","display_name":"Fire detection","level":2,"score":0.7070354223251343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778517922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7140482","display_name":"Particle (ecology)","level":2,"score":0.6108051538467407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.5370376110076904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32022120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225","display_name":"Interference (communication)","level":3,"score":0.4743726849555969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.4241666793823242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.41300588846206665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3828888535499573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21880701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2144042","display_name":"Process engineering","level":1,"score":0.3358039855957031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3164672255516052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.2740342617034912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.26773637533187866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.2513059377670288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.21766459941864014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548081761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388","display_name":"Waste management","level":1,"score":0.15925300121307373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.08847233653068542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.05925953388214111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170154142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150737","display_name":"Architectural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24051692","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24051692","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/5/1692/pdf?version=1709710189","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38475229","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38475229","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10933871","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10933871","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10933871/pdf/sensors-24-01692.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a7064d303c6a4a67a250403534cbb816","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a7064d303c6a4a67a250403534cbb816","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 24, Iss 5, p 1692 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24051692","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24051692","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/5/1692/pdf?version=1709710189","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4392517134.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1634673677","https://openalex.org/W1938204623","https://openalex.org/W1972417855","https://openalex.org/W1979452557","https://openalex.org/W2017696609","https://openalex.org/W2038141225","https://openalex.org/W2071816567","https://openalex.org/W2091113599","https://openalex.org/W2095447539","https://openalex.org/W2117392796","https://openalex.org/W2145208974","https://openalex.org/W2158824661","https://openalex.org/W2168182791","https://openalex.org/W2765942196","https://openalex.org/W2797374202","https://openalex.org/W2912752270","https://openalex.org/W2952555815","https://openalex.org/W3120981570","https://openalex.org/W3162931998","https://openalex.org/W3188236976","https://openalex.org/W4200178005","https://openalex.org/W4284665247","https://openalex.org/W4296466324","https://openalex.org/W4362559026","https://openalex.org/W6749847008"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2999380063","https://openalex.org/W2392528038","https://openalex.org/W2400155998","https://openalex.org/W2015259196","https://openalex.org/W2770974135","https://openalex.org/W4386447087","https://openalex.org/W2803990755","https://openalex.org/W2373782842","https://openalex.org/W4283775558","https://openalex.org/W1482594609"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Smoke":[0],"detectors":[1],"face":[2],"the":[3,18,34,47,51,60,95,111,130,133,139,144],"challenges":[4],"of":[5,23,33,38,59,69,100,132],"increasing":[6],"accuracy,":[7,20],"sensitivity,":[8],"and":[9,21,31,36,72,126,129],"high":[10],"reliability":[11,22],"in":[12,30,50,158],"complex":[13],"use":[14],"environments":[15],"to":[16,85,107],"ensure":[17],"timeliness,":[19],"very":[24],"early":[25],"fire":[26],"detection.":[27],"The":[28],"improvement":[29,49],"innovation":[32],"principle":[35,64],"algorithm":[37,84],"smoke":[39,61,80,101,115,148],"particle":[40,81,87,102,149],"concentration":[41,62,82,122],"detection":[42,63,68,73,83,99],"provide":[43],"an":[44,159],"opportunity":[45],"for":[46],"performance":[48],"detector.":[52],"This":[53],"study":[54],"is":[55,92],"a":[56,78],"new":[57],"refinement":[58],"based":[65],"on":[66],"capacitive":[67],"cell":[70],"structures,":[71],"signals":[74],"are":[75],"processed":[76],"by":[77],"multiscale":[79],"calculate":[86],"concentration.":[88],"Through":[89],"experiments,":[90],"it":[91],"found":[93],"that":[94],"detector":[96,112,134,145],"provides":[97],"effective":[98],"concentrations":[103,150],"ranging":[104],"from":[105],"0":[106],"10%":[108],"obs/m;":[109],"moreover,":[110],"can":[113,135,146],"detect":[114,147],"particles":[116],"at":[117,137,151],"parts":[118],"per":[119],"million":[120],"(PPM)":[121],"levels":[123],"(at":[124],"2":[125],"5":[127],"PPM),":[128],"accuracy":[131,156],"reach":[136],"least":[138],"0.5":[140],"PPM":[141,155],"level.":[142],"Furthermore,":[143],"better":[152],"than":[153],"1":[154],"even":[157],"environment":[160],"with":[161],"6%":[162],"obs/m":[163,168,175],"oil":[164],"gas":[165],"particles,":[166,172],"7%":[167],"large":[169],"dust":[170,177],"interference":[171,178],"or":[173],"8%":[174],"small":[176],"particles.":[179]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-12-19T19:40:27.379048","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}