{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4392359941","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24051619","title":"Integrated Automatic Optical Inspection and Image Processing Procedure for Smart Sensing in Production Lines","display_name":"Integrated Automatic Optical Inspection and Image Processing Procedure for Smart Sensing in Production Lines","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4392359941","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24051619","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38475159"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24051619","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24051619","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/5/1619/pdf?version=1709299356","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/5/1619/pdf?version=1709299356","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101221012","display_name":"Rong-Qing Qiu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25846049","display_name":"National Tsing Hua University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zdnkx70","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rong-Qing Qiu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of NanoEngineering and MicroSystems, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of NanoEngineering and MicroSystems, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102531944","display_name":"Mu-Lin Tsai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25846049","display_name":"National Tsing Hua University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zdnkx70","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mu-Lin Tsai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100428117","display_name":"Yu\u2010Wen Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2934-7767"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25846049","display_name":"National Tsing Hua University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zdnkx70","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu-Wen Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of NanoEngineering and MicroSystems, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of NanoEngineering and MicroSystems, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002237348","display_name":"Shivendra Pratap Singh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8784-4043"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25846049","display_name":"National Tsing Hua University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zdnkx70","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shivendra Pratap Singh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of NanoEngineering and MicroSystems, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of NanoEngineering and MicroSystems, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061546647","display_name":"Cheng\u2010Yao Lo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0360-2862"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25846049","display_name":"National Tsing Hua University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zdnkx70","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Cheng-Yao Lo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan","Institute of NanoEngineering and MicroSystems, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0360-2862","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of NanoEngineering and MicroSystems, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5061546647"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":0.8757,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73129599,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"5","first_page":"1619","last_page":"1619"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12111","display_name":"Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12111","display_name":"Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13049","display_name":"Surface Roughness and Optical Measurements","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13114","display_name":"Image Processing Techniques and Applications","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6488284468650818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5633357167243958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lens","display_name":"Lens (geology)","score":0.539662778377533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5163782835006714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformation","display_name":"Transformation (genetics)","score":0.5061630606651306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-processing","display_name":"Image processing","score":0.49475234746932983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/production-line","display_name":"Production line","score":0.487930029630661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.469806969165802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graphical-user-interface","display_name":"Graphical user interface","score":0.46699467301368713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.46685224771499634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spiral","display_name":"Spiral (railway)","score":0.464758038520813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/printed-circuit-board","display_name":"Printed circuit board","score":0.45989376306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interface","display_name":"Interface (matter)","score":0.44762489199638367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automated-x-ray-inspection","display_name":"Automated X-ray inspection","score":0.43880516290664673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automated-optical-inspection","display_name":"Automated optical inspection","score":0.4346696138381958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.3593648076057434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2121400237083435}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6488284468650818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5633357167243958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15336307","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1766051","display_name":"Lens (geology)","level":2,"score":0.539662778377533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5163782835006714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204241405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461499","display_name":"Transformation (genetics)","level":3,"score":0.5061630606651306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.49475234746932983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99862985","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858068","display_name":"Production line","level":2,"score":0.487930029630661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.469806969165802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37789001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q782543","display_name":"Graphical user interface","level":2,"score":0.46699467301368713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.46685224771499634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174128100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846907","display_name":"Spiral (railway)","level":2,"score":0.464758038520813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120793396","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173350","display_name":"Printed circuit board","level":2,"score":0.45989376306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113843644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882","display_name":"Interface (matter)","level":4,"score":0.44762489199638367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146920229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2278114","display_name":"Automated X-ray inspection","level":4,"score":0.43880516290664673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164830781","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q787330","display_name":"Automated optical inspection","level":2,"score":0.4346696138381958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3593648076057434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2121400237083435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78762247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1273174","display_name":"Petroleum engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157915830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2928001","display_name":"Bubble","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129307140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6795880","display_name":"Maximum bubble pressure method","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24051619","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24051619","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/5/1619/pdf?version=1709299356","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38475159","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38475159","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10933995","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10933995","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10933995/pdf/sensors-24-01619.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f1b7ddace0cb41a89f8394b81a829a96","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f1b7ddace0cb41a89f8394b81a829a96","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 24, Iss 5, p 1619 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24051619","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24051619","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/5/1619/pdf?version=1709299356","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6385003483","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MOST108-","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7966595911","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MOST108-2628-E-007-002-MY3","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","ror":"https://ror.org/02kv4zf79"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4392359941.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1563286089","https://openalex.org/W1964859077","https://openalex.org/W1996852554","https://openalex.org/W2025981716","https://openalex.org/W2044773914","https://openalex.org/W2103862432","https://openalex.org/W2110158442","https://openalex.org/W2151668576","https://openalex.org/W2151959353","https://openalex.org/W2169272405","https://openalex.org/W2291993622","https://openalex.org/W2343389046","https://openalex.org/W2398702846","https://openalex.org/W2490223816","https://openalex.org/W2549337046","https://openalex.org/W2621622329","https://openalex.org/W2887179902","https://openalex.org/W2901232267","https://openalex.org/W2965427761","https://openalex.org/W2986755095","https://openalex.org/W3092466439","https://openalex.org/W3094615924","https://openalex.org/W3137399544","https://openalex.org/W3137701176","https://openalex.org/W3174670756","https://openalex.org/W4280562762","https://openalex.org/W4383314598","https://openalex.org/W6797368001"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2113302376","https://openalex.org/W1560398276","https://openalex.org/W4362650061","https://openalex.org/W2969283495","https://openalex.org/W2107946198","https://openalex.org/W3202287565","https://openalex.org/W2004056068","https://openalex.org/W1995206301","https://openalex.org/W1997199353","https://openalex.org/W1521088445"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"An":[0],"integrated":[1],"automatic":[2],"optical":[3],"inspection":[4],"(iAOI)":[5],"system":[6,33,87,141],"with":[7,28,75,101,134,149],"a":[8,13,37,40,57,90],"procedure":[9,53,143],"was":[10,34,54,104],"proposed":[11,139],"for":[12,47,80,106,177],"printed":[14],"circuit":[15],"board":[16],"(PCB)":[17],"production":[18],"line,":[19],"in":[20,36,56,153],"which":[21,151],"pattern":[22,125,159],"distortions":[23,126],"and":[24,42,69,88,123,142,146,155],"performance":[25],"deviations":[26],"appear":[27],"process":[29],"variations.":[30],"The":[31,51,129],"iAOI":[32,52,140],"demonstrated":[35],"module":[38],"comprising":[39],"camera":[41],"lens,":[43],"showing":[44],"improved":[45],"supportiveness":[46],"commercially":[48],"available":[49],"hardware.":[50],"realized":[55],"serial":[58],"workflow":[59],"of":[60],"image":[61,65,81,98],"registration,":[62],"threshold":[63],"setting,":[64],"gradient,":[66],"marker":[67],"alignment,":[68],"geometric":[70],"transformation;":[71],"furthermore,":[72],"five":[73],"operations":[74,148],"numerous":[76],"functions":[77],"were":[78,127],"prepared":[79],"processing.":[82],"In":[83],"addition":[84],"to":[85],"the":[86,138,173,184],"procedure,":[89],"graphical":[91],"user":[92],"interface":[93],"(GUI)":[94],"that":[95,164],"displays":[96],"sequential":[97],"operation":[99],"results":[100,130],"analyzed":[102],"characteristics":[103],"established":[105],"simplicity.":[107],"To":[108],"demonstrate":[109],"its":[110],"effectiveness,":[111],"self-complementary":[112],"Archimedean":[113],"spiral":[114],"antenna":[115],"(SCASA)":[116],"samples":[117],"fabricated":[118],"via":[119],"standard":[120,147],"PCB":[121],"fabrication":[122],"intentional":[124],"demonstrated.":[128],"indicated":[131],"that,":[132],"compared":[133],"other":[135],"existing":[136],"methods,":[137],"provide":[144],"unified":[145],"efficiency,":[150],"result":[152],"scientific":[154],"unambiguous":[156],"judgments":[157],"on":[158],"quality.":[160],"Furthermore,":[161],"we":[162],"showed":[163],"when":[165],"an":[166],"appropriate":[167],"artificial":[168],"intelligence":[169],"model":[170],"is":[171],"ready,":[172],"electromagnetic":[174],"characteristic":[175],"projection":[176],"SCASAs":[178],"can":[179],"be":[180],"simply":[181],"obtained":[182],"through":[183],"GUI.":[185]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}