{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4392295771","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24051583","title":"Toward Verification of DAG-Based Distributed Ledger Technologies through Discrete-Event Simulation","display_name":"Toward Verification of DAG-Based Distributed Ledger Technologies through Discrete-Event Simulation","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-02-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4392295771","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24051583","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38475117"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24051583","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24051583","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/5/1583/pdf?version=1709207125","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/5/1583/pdf?version=1709207125","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031576368","display_name":"Misbah Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2081-3063"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31746571","display_name":"UNSW Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8z3t63","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40053085","display_name":"Australian Defence Force Academy","ror":"https://ror.org/02j5s7g39","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571","https://openalex.org/I40053085","https://openalex.org/I4394709116"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4394709116","display_name":"UNSW Canberra","ror":"https://ror.org/0125wpx05","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571","https://openalex.org/I4394709116"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Misbah Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Canbbera Campus, University of New South Wales Canberra at the Australian Defence Force Academy, Campbell, ACT 2612, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Canbbera Campus, University of New South Wales Canberra at the Australian Defence Force Academy, Campbell, ACT 2612, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40053085","https://openalex.org/I31746571","https://openalex.org/I4394709116"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014902175","display_name":"Frank den Hartog","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5293-6140"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40053085","display_name":"Australian Defence Force Academy","ror":"https://ror.org/02j5s7g39","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571","https://openalex.org/I40053085","https://openalex.org/I4394709116"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31746571","display_name":"UNSW Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8z3t63","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4394709116","display_name":"UNSW Canberra","ror":"https://ror.org/0125wpx05","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571","https://openalex.org/I4394709116"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Frank den Hartog","raw_affiliation_strings":["Canbbera Campus, University of New South Wales Canberra at the Australian Defence Force Academy, Campbell, ACT 2612, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Canbbera Campus, University of New South Wales Canberra at the Australian Defence Force Academy, Campbell, ACT 2612, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40053085","https://openalex.org/I31746571","https://openalex.org/I4394709116"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075234257","display_name":"Jiankun Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0230-1432"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4394709116","display_name":"UNSW Canberra","ror":"https://ror.org/0125wpx05","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571","https://openalex.org/I4394709116"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40053085","display_name":"Australian Defence Force Academy","ror":"https://ror.org/02j5s7g39","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571","https://openalex.org/I40053085","https://openalex.org/I4394709116"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31746571","display_name":"UNSW Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8z3t63","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jiankun Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Canbbera Campus, University of New South Wales Canberra at the Australian Defence Force Academy, Campbell, ACT 2612, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Canbbera Campus, University of New South Wales Canberra at the Australian Defence Force Academy, Campbell, ACT 2612, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40053085","https://openalex.org/I31746571","https://openalex.org/I4394709116"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5075234257"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31746571","https://openalex.org/I40053085","https://openalex.org/I4394709116"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":4.7584,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94848962,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"5","first_page":"1583","last_page":"1583"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.9944999814033508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11942","display_name":"Transportation and Mobility Innovations","score":0.9883999824523926,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7253223061561584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/directed-acyclic-graph","display_name":"Directed acyclic graph","score":0.6434321403503418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tangle","display_name":"Tangle","score":0.5632334351539612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.44632571935653687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/python","display_name":"Python (programming language)","score":0.43673795461654663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/event","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","score":0.4122500717639923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3678688406944275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.15416297316551208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.11947935819625854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.10913416743278503}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7253223061561584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74197172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1195339","display_name":"Directed acyclic graph","level":2,"score":0.6434321403503418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177738377","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7683003","display_name":"Tangle","level":2,"score":0.5632334351539612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.44632571935653687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C519991488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28865","display_name":"Python (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.43673795461654663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779662365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5416694","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","level":2,"score":0.4122500717639923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3678688406944275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.15416297316551208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.11947935819625854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10913416743278503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24051583","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24051583","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/5/1583/pdf?version=1709207125","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38475117","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38475117","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10934231","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10934231","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10934231/pdf/sensors-24-01583.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:fe4ad6add3594251a809f4bf77e96924","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/fe4ad6add3594251a809f4bf77e96924","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 24, Iss 5, p 1583 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24051583","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24051583","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/5/1583/pdf?version=1709207125","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4392295771.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2011301426","https://openalex.org/W2132022337","https://openalex.org/W2900517348","https://openalex.org/W2908400655","https://openalex.org/W2914835534","https://openalex.org/W2943779094","https://openalex.org/W2945969611","https://openalex.org/W2998730744","https://openalex.org/W3035965352","https://openalex.org/W3099583941","https://openalex.org/W3099878876","https://openalex.org/W3123796990","https://openalex.org/W3190845860","https://openalex.org/W3214772811","https://openalex.org/W3216073679","https://openalex.org/W4223932426","https://openalex.org/W4229027940","https://openalex.org/W4281693453","https://openalex.org/W4296339031","https://openalex.org/W4296340129","https://openalex.org/W4313181981","https://openalex.org/W4313492199","https://openalex.org/W4384026640","https://openalex.org/W4389001640","https://openalex.org/W6609205758"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4387747504","https://openalex.org/W4324297701","https://openalex.org/W1988331941","https://openalex.org/W2091266799","https://openalex.org/W2066873783","https://openalex.org/W1920804764","https://openalex.org/W2020532232","https://openalex.org/W2127661377","https://openalex.org/W424831305","https://openalex.org/W4297667867"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"the":[1,81,91,96,102,109,112,124,130,141,150],"potential":[2],"of":[3,37,44,50,73,83,95,105,114,129],"directed":[4],"acyclic":[5],"graph":[6],"(DAG)-based":[7],"distributed":[8,53,60],"ledgers":[9],"in":[10,22,88,99,132,166],"IoT":[11],"systems":[12],"unfolds,":[13],"a":[14,42,58,69],"need":[15,151],"arises":[16],"to":[17],"understand":[18],"their":[19],"intricate":[20],"dynamics":[21,82],"real-world":[23],"scenarios.":[24],"It":[25],"is":[26,41,63],"well":[27],"known":[28],"that":[29],"discrete":[30,46,156],"event":[31,47,157],"simulations":[32],"can":[33],"provide":[34],"high-fidelity":[35],"evaluations":[36],"protocols.":[38],"However,":[39],"there":[40],"lack":[43],"public":[45],"simulators":[48,158],"capable":[49],"assessing":[51],"DAG-based":[52],"ledgers.":[54],"In":[55],"this":[56],"paper,":[57],"discrete-event-based":[59],"ledger":[61],"simulator":[62],"introduced,":[64],"with":[65],"which":[66],"we":[67],"investigate":[68],"custom":[70],"Python-based":[71],"implementation":[72],"IOTA's":[74],"Tangle":[75,84],"DAG":[76,133,160],"protocol.":[77],"The":[78,135],"study":[79],"reveals":[80],"(particularly":[85],"Poisson":[86],"processes":[87],"transaction":[89],"dynamics),":[90],"efficiency":[92],"and":[93,101,120,127,139,154,162],"intricacies":[94],"random":[97],"walk":[98],"Tangle,":[100,147],"quantitative":[103],"assessment":[104],"node":[106],"convergence.":[107],"Furthermore,":[108],"research":[110],"underscores":[111],"significance":[113],"weight":[115],"updates":[116],"without":[117],"depth":[118],"limitations":[119],"provides":[121],"insights":[122],"into":[123],"role,":[125],"challenges,":[126],"implications":[128],"coordinator/validator":[131],"architectures.":[134],"results":[136],"are":[137,143],"striking,":[138],"although":[140],"findings":[142],"reported":[144],"only":[145],"for":[146,152,159],"they":[148],"demonstrate":[149],"adaptable":[153],"versatile":[155],"architectures":[161],"tip":[163],"selection":[164],"methodologies":[165],"general.":[167]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
