{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4392285648","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24051576","title":"Optoelectronic Torque Measurement System Based on SAPSO-RBF Algorithm","display_name":"Optoelectronic Torque Measurement System Based on SAPSO-RBF Algorithm","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-02-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4392285648","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24051576","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38475111"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24051576","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24051576","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/5/1576/pdf?version=1709199684","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/5/1576/pdf?version=1709199684","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101802779","display_name":"Kun Xia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8145-0756"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148128674","display_name":"University of Shanghai for Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00ay9v204","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148128674"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kun Xia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148128674"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050636158","display_name":"Yang Lou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6637-253X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148128674","display_name":"University of Shanghai for Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00ay9v204","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148128674"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yang Lou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6637-253X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148128674"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048256348","display_name":"Qingqing Yuan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3693-2822"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148128674","display_name":"University of Shanghai for Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00ay9v204","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148128674"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qingqing Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3693-2822","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148128674"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104250755","display_name":"Benjing Zhu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148128674","display_name":"University of Shanghai for Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00ay9v204","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148128674"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Benjing Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148128674"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056488045","display_name":"Ruikai Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0092-8880"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148128674","display_name":"University of Shanghai for Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00ay9v204","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148128674"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruikai Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148128674"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101377863","display_name":"Yao Du","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148128674","display_name":"University of Shanghai for Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00ay9v204","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148128674"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yao Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148128674"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5050636158"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148128674"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":0.3778,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.50705829,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"5","first_page":"1576","last_page":"1576"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14225","display_name":"Advanced Sensor and Control Systems","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14225","display_name":"Advanced Sensor and Control Systems","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14257","display_name":"Advanced Measurement and Detection Methods","score":0.9884999990463257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10205","display_name":"Advanced Fiber Optic Sensors","score":0.9868999719619751,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/torque","display_name":"Torque","score":0.7949551343917847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/system-of-measurement","display_name":"System of measurement","score":0.6274138689041138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/strain-gauge","display_name":"Strain gauge","score":0.6237918734550476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/repeatability","display_name":"Repeatability","score":0.5583564043045044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.5169257521629333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/calibration","display_name":"Calibration","score":0.49140703678131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/damping-torque","display_name":"Damping torque","score":0.4800932705402374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measurement-uncertainty","display_name":"Measurement uncertainty","score":0.4540692865848541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.4425099194049835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3959062099456787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.37834402918815613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/direct-torque-control","display_name":"Direct torque control","score":0.3473926782608032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.19999831914901733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.18477755784988403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.151445209980011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.1497751772403717}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144171764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48103","display_name":"Torque","level":2,"score":0.7949551343917847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37649242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932268","display_name":"System of measurement","level":2,"score":0.6274138689041138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60584519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q610723","display_name":"Strain gauge","level":2,"score":0.6237918734550476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154020017","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q520171","display_name":"Repeatability","level":2,"score":0.5583564043045044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.5169257521629333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165838908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777","display_name":"Calibration","level":2,"score":0.49140703678131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40226289","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5212950","display_name":"Damping torque","level":5,"score":0.4800932705402374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137209882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1403517","display_name":"Measurement uncertainty","level":2,"score":0.4540692865848541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.4425099194049835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3959062099456787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.37834402918815613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109871850","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1227571","display_name":"Direct torque control","level":4,"score":0.3473926782608032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.19999831914901733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.18477755784988403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.151445209980011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.1497751772403717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80962145","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207450","display_name":"Induction motor","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24051576","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24051576","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/5/1576/pdf?version=1709199684","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38475111","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38475111","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10933736","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10933736","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10933736/pdf/sensors-24-01576.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:063d355d54074536be838d5895479467","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/063d355d54074536be838d5895479467","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 24, Iss 5, p 1576 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24051576","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24051576","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/5/1576/pdf?version=1709199684","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4392285648.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2276059633","https://openalex.org/W2520810259","https://openalex.org/W2553090555","https://openalex.org/W2586732371","https://openalex.org/W2726577987","https://openalex.org/W2765528441","https://openalex.org/W2766132531","https://openalex.org/W2774165779","https://openalex.org/W2790647760","https://openalex.org/W2794944498","https://openalex.org/W2799701748","https://openalex.org/W2884500233","https://openalex.org/W2891243964","https://openalex.org/W2893927136","https://openalex.org/W2922344278","https://openalex.org/W2981192456","https://openalex.org/W3011785450","https://openalex.org/W3128315776","https://openalex.org/W3138872128","https://openalex.org/W3177754886","https://openalex.org/W3208473306","https://openalex.org/W4205916358","https://openalex.org/W4210278791","https://openalex.org/W4214831675","https://openalex.org/W4386764439","https://openalex.org/W4387889837","https://openalex.org/W4390086770","https://openalex.org/W6807080661"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2107398868","https://openalex.org/W2328640053","https://openalex.org/W2158120472","https://openalex.org/W3113939018","https://openalex.org/W2362527675","https://openalex.org/W2114550905","https://openalex.org/W2056078466","https://openalex.org/W2377958454","https://openalex.org/W4225988789","https://openalex.org/W1028179284"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"torque":[1,17,34,72,87,123,142],"is":[2],"a":[3,12,20,70,119],"significant":[4],"indicator":[5],"reflecting":[6],"the":[7,25,30,44,57,65,89,98,101,130,136],"comprehensive":[8],"operational":[9],"characteristics":[10],"of":[11,29,59,76],"power":[13],"system.":[14,31,74],"Thus,":[15],"accurate":[16],"measurement":[18,35,73,148],"plays":[19],"pivotal":[21],"role":[22],"in":[23],"ensuring":[24],"safety":[26],"and":[27,53,125,144],"stability":[28],"However,":[32],"conventional":[33],"systems":[36],"predominantly":[37],"rely":[38],"on":[39,88],"strain":[40,60],"gauges":[41],"adhered":[42],"to":[43,48,56,81,117,139,150],"shaft,":[45],"often":[46],"leading":[47],"reduced":[49],"accuracy,":[50],"poor":[51],"repeatability,":[52],"non-traceability":[54],"due":[55],"influence":[58],"gauge":[61],"adhesion.":[62],"To":[63],"tackle":[64],"challenge,":[66],"this":[67],"paper":[68],"introduces":[69],"photoelectric":[71,77],"Quadrants":[75],"sensors":[78],"are":[79],"employed":[80],"capture":[82],"minute":[83],"deformations":[84],"induced":[85],"by":[86,108],"rotational":[90],"axis,":[91],"converting":[92],"them":[93],"into":[94],"measurable":[95],"voltage.":[96],"Subsequently,":[97],"system":[99],"employs":[100],"radial":[102],"basis":[103],"function":[104],"neural":[105],"network":[106],"optimized":[107],"simulated":[109],"annealing":[110],"combined":[111],"with":[112],"particle":[113],"swarm":[114],"algorithm":[115],"(SAPSO-RBF)":[116],"establish":[118],"correlation":[120],"between":[121],"measured":[122,131],"values":[124],"standard":[126],"references,":[127],"thereby":[128],"calibrating":[129],"values.":[132],"Experimental":[133],"results":[134],"affirm":[135],"system's":[137],"capability":[138],"accurately":[140],"determine":[141],"measurements":[143],"execute":[145],"calibration,":[146],"minimizing":[147],"errors":[149],"0.92%.":[151]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
