{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4391941963","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24041333","title":"Lightweight and Real-Time Infrared Image Processor Based on FPGA","display_name":"Lightweight and Real-Time Infrared Image Processor Based on FPGA","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-02-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4391941963","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24041333","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38400490"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24041333","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24041333","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/4/1333/pdf?version=1708334032","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/4/1333/pdf?version=1708334032","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026795422","display_name":"Xiaoqing Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0873-0432"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115570","display_name":"National Space Science Center","ror":"https://ror.org/02nnjtm50","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210115570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoqing Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Quantum Technology Research and Key Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Quantum Architecture and Measurements (MOE), School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China","Key Laboratory of Electronics and Information Technology for Space Systems, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100090, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0873-0432","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Quantum Technology Research and Key Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Quantum Architecture and Measurements (MOE), School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Electronics and Information Technology for Space Systems, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100090, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115570","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100637063","display_name":"Xiangming He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7146-4097"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiang He","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102045597","display_name":"Xiangyu Zhu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiangyu Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101552746","display_name":"Zheng Fu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6635-8767"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115570","display_name":"National Space Science Center","ror":"https://ror.org/02nnjtm50","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210115570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fu Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Electronics and Information Technology for Space Systems, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100090, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Electronics and Information Technology for Space Systems, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100090, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115570","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021087212","display_name":"Jingqi Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4140-7029"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jingqi Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4140-7029","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5021087212"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":6.5001,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95533312,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"4","first_page":"1333","last_page":"1333"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11659","display_name":"Advanced Image Fusion Techniques","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7336112260818481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.6717557907104492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.6264714598655701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/offset","display_name":"Offset (computer science)","score":0.47458434104919434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-processor","display_name":"Image processor","score":0.4415217936038971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-processing","display_name":"Image processing","score":0.3791671395301819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.36805272102355957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.3585638105869293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.2266066074371338}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7336112260818481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.6717557907104492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.6264714598655701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175291020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1156822","display_name":"Offset (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.47458434104919434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775941181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q861004","display_name":"Image processor","level":4,"score":0.4415217936038971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.3791671395301819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.36805272102355957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.3585638105869293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2266066074371338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24041333","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24041333","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/4/1333/pdf?version=1708334032","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38400490","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38400490","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10893426","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10893426","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10893426/pdf/sensors-24-01333.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ca948b10d5344fb4ab393747d29bbd13","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ca948b10d5344fb4ab393747d29bbd13","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 24, Iss 4, p 1333 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24041333","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24041333","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/4/1333/pdf?version=1708334032","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.550000011920929,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4891574712","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023YFF0719800","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4391941963.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1492997140","https://openalex.org/W1975374475","https://openalex.org/W1998379519","https://openalex.org/W2008716641","https://openalex.org/W2012566791","https://openalex.org/W2020062325","https://openalex.org/W2031621042","https://openalex.org/W2036332951","https://openalex.org/W2038730238","https://openalex.org/W2046809864","https://openalex.org/W2048632879","https://openalex.org/W2065624535","https://openalex.org/W2075488458","https://openalex.org/W2085033728","https://openalex.org/W2104275258","https://openalex.org/W2123821534","https://openalex.org/W2129910327","https://openalex.org/W2134106119","https://openalex.org/W2141456872","https://openalex.org/W2153332563","https://openalex.org/W2500526592","https://openalex.org/W2548953587","https://openalex.org/W2726748528","https://openalex.org/W2753010550","https://openalex.org/W2757851075","https://openalex.org/W2809795042","https://openalex.org/W3008269499","https://openalex.org/W3086751423","https://openalex.org/W3199191229","https://openalex.org/W3201747478","https://openalex.org/W4223632064","https://openalex.org/W4236019701","https://openalex.org/W4255809682","https://openalex.org/W4311627986","https://openalex.org/W4317791667","https://openalex.org/W4319963454"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1845311563","https://openalex.org/W1826455986","https://openalex.org/W156479496","https://openalex.org/W3021515433","https://openalex.org/W1975778028","https://openalex.org/W1573241094","https://openalex.org/W2418732643","https://openalex.org/W2394473652","https://openalex.org/W2003721539","https://openalex.org/W2619953286"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"an":[3],"FPGA-based":[4],"lightweight":[5,17,127,144,155],"and":[6,39,166,216],"real-time":[7,46],"infrared":[8,145,156,209],"image":[9,118,122,134,146,157,210],"processor":[10,147,158,175,197,211],"based":[11,23],"on":[12,24,78,150],"a":[13,50,170,177],"series":[14],"of":[15,33,52,84,179,187,194],"hardware-oriented":[16],"algorithms.":[18],"The":[19,54,68,82,142,190],"two-point":[20],"correction":[21,48],"algorithm":[22,58,72],"blackbody":[25],"radiation":[26],"is":[27,76,148],"introduced":[28],"to":[29,63,94,100,130,138],"calibrate":[30],"the":[31,34,42,60,79,96,101,117,132,139,174,185],"non-uniformity":[32,47],"sensor.":[35],"With":[36],"precomputed":[37],"gain":[38],"offset":[40],"matrices,":[41],"design":[43,75],"can":[44,110,198],"achieve":[45],"with":[49,203],"resolution":[51],"640\u00d7480.":[53],"blind":[55,69,104,108],"pixel":[56,70,105],"detection":[57],"employs":[59],"first-level":[61],"approximation":[62],"simplify":[64],"multiple":[65],"iterative":[66],"computations.":[67],"compensation":[71,106],"in":[73,116],"our":[74,195,207],"constructed":[77],"side-window-filtering":[80],"method.":[81],"results":[83],"eight":[85],"convolution":[86],"kernels":[87],"for":[88],"side":[89],"windows":[90],"are":[91,119],"computed":[92],"simultaneously":[93],"improve":[95],"processing":[97],"speed.":[98],"Due":[99],"proposed":[102,143,154,196,208],"side-window-filtering-based":[103],"algorithm,":[107],"pixels":[109],"be":[111],"effectively":[112],"compensated":[113],"while":[114],"details":[115],"preserved.":[120],"Before":[121],"output,":[123],"we":[124],"also":[125],"incorporated":[126],"histogram":[128],"equalization":[129],"make":[131],"processed":[133],"more":[135],"easily":[136],"observable":[137],"human":[140],"eyes.":[141],"implemented":[149],"Xilinx":[151],"XC7A100T-2.":[152],"Our":[153],"costs":[159],"10,894":[160],"LUTs,":[161],"9367":[162],"FFs,":[163],"4":[164],"BRAMs,":[165],"5":[167],"DSP48.":[168],"Under":[169],"50":[171],"MHz":[172],"clock,":[173],"achieves":[176],"speed":[178],"30":[180],"frames":[181],"per":[182],"second":[183],"at":[184],"cost":[186],"1800":[188],"mW.":[189],"maximum":[191],"operating":[192],"frequency":[193],"reach":[199],"186":[200],"MHz.":[201],"Compared":[202],"existing":[204],"similar":[205],"works,":[206],"incurs":[212],"minimal":[213],"resource":[214],"overhead":[215],"has":[217],"lower":[218],"power":[219],"consumption.":[220]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
