{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4391846720","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24041229","title":"Keyboard Data Protection Technique Using GAN in Password-Based User Authentication: Based on C/D Bit Vulnerability","display_name":"Keyboard Data Protection Technique Using GAN in Password-Based User Authentication: Based on C/D Bit Vulnerability","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-02-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4391846720","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24041229","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38400390"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24041229","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24041229","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/4/1229/pdf?version=1707988631","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/4/1229/pdf?version=1707988631","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101473618","display_name":"Jaehyuk Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1492-1241"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaehyuk Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Process Development Team, Fescaro, Suwon 16512, Republic of Korea","Process Development Team, Fescaro, Suwon 16512, Republic of Korea;"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Process Development Team, Fescaro, Suwon 16512, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Process Development Team, Fescaro, Suwon 16512, Republic of Korea;","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109683119","display_name":"Wonbin Jeong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11893660","display_name":"Mokpo National University","ror":"https://ror.org/00v81k483","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11893660"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wonbin Jeong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Security Engineering, Mokpo National University, Muan 58554, Republic of Korea","Department of Information Security Engineering, Mokpo National University, Muan 58554, Republic of Korea;"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Security Engineering, Mokpo National University, Muan 58554, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11893660"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Security Engineering, Mokpo National University, Muan 58554, Republic of Korea;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11893660"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015067516","display_name":"Kyungroul Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1477-7569"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11893660","display_name":"Mokpo National University","ror":"https://ror.org/00v81k483","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11893660"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kyungroul Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Security Engineering, Mokpo National University, Muan 58554, Republic of Korea","Department of Information Security Engineering, Mokpo National University, Muan 58554, Republic of Korea;"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Security Engineering, Mokpo National University, Muan 58554, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11893660"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Security Engineering, Mokpo National University, Muan 58554, Republic of Korea;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11893660"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5015067516"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11893660"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.02017025,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"4","first_page":"1229","last_page":"1229"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12034","display_name":"Digital and Cyber Forensics","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/password","display_name":"Password","score":0.8506528735160828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7594538927078247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.6880843639373779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","score":0.6696370244026184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.6131983399391174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/challenge\u2013response-authentication","display_name":"Challenge\u2013response authentication","score":0.5014762878417969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-machine-learning","display_name":"Adversarial machine learning","score":0.4433511793613434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.25865083932876587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.18873104453086853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication-protocol","display_name":"Authentication protocol","score":0.17591693997383118}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109297577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161157","display_name":"Password","level":2,"score":0.8506528735160828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7594538927078247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6880843639373779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.6696370244026184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.6131983399391174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131129157","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059963","display_name":"Challenge\u2013response authentication","level":4,"score":0.5014762878417969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778403875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20312394","display_name":"Adversarial machine learning","level":3,"score":0.4433511793613434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.25865083932876587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.18873104453086853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21564112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825885","display_name":"Authentication protocol","level":3,"score":0.17591693997383118}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24041229","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24041229","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/4/1229/pdf?version=1707988631","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38400390","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38400390","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10891990","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10891990","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10891990/pdf/sensors-24-01229.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:40c546daf1074642b128b280b9151c87","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/40c546daf1074642b128b280b9151c87","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 24, Iss 4, p 1229 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24041229","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24041229","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/4/1229/pdf?version=1707988631","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.699999988079071,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4391846720.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W31171581","https://openalex.org/W143386018","https://openalex.org/W1536719639","https://openalex.org/W1964940342","https://openalex.org/W2026997090","https://openalex.org/W2052684427","https://openalex.org/W2117085409","https://openalex.org/W2117646649","https://openalex.org/W2133551819","https://openalex.org/W2218132318","https://openalex.org/W2225288569","https://openalex.org/W2762776925","https://openalex.org/W2765811365","https://openalex.org/W2884805522","https://openalex.org/W2914768460","https://openalex.org/W2966043835","https://openalex.org/W3007362356","https://openalex.org/W3015464002","https://openalex.org/W3120904587","https://openalex.org/W3152294918","https://openalex.org/W3182500753","https://openalex.org/W4205206005","https://openalex.org/W4361004345","https://openalex.org/W6601269993","https://openalex.org/W6689515204","https://openalex.org/W7052966797"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2586637279","https://openalex.org/W2945948711","https://openalex.org/W2008980859","https://openalex.org/W3188570565","https://openalex.org/W2054202867","https://openalex.org/W2132015192","https://openalex.org/W2036082688","https://openalex.org/W2085013698","https://openalex.org/W2908549062","https://openalex.org/W3089565182"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,14,166],"computer":[1],"systems,":[2],"user":[3,18],"authentication":[4,19,39,82],"technology":[5,40,83],"is":[6,41,84,115,143],"required":[7],"to":[8,46,57,99,126,130,251,268],"identify":[9],"users":[10],"who":[11],"use":[12,50],"computers.":[13],"modern":[15],"times,":[16],"various":[17],"technologies,":[20],"including":[21],"strong":[22],"security":[23,32,66,68,79],"features":[24,156],"based":[25,169,207,259],"on":[26,92,170,208,260],"ownership,":[27],"such":[28],"as":[29],"certificates":[30],"and":[31,51,96,108,187],"cards,":[33],"have":[34],"been":[35],"introduced.":[36],"Nevertheless,":[37],"password-based":[38],"currently":[42],"mainly":[43],"used":[44,160],"due":[45],"its":[47,189],"convenience":[48],"of":[49,53,80,134,157,195,249,254],"ease":[52],"implementation.":[54],"However,":[55],"according":[56],"Verizon's":[58],"\"2022":[59],"Data":[60],"Breach":[61],"Investigations":[62],"Report\",":[63],"among":[64],"all":[65,234,263],"incidents,":[67],"incidents":[69],"caused":[70],"by":[71,153,229,270],"password":[72,81],"exposures":[73],"accounted":[74],"for":[75,104],"82%.":[76],"Hence,":[77],"the":[78,101,132,155,162,193,201,209,219,225,236,240],"important.":[85],"Consequently,":[86],"this":[87,167],"article":[88],"analyzes":[89],"prior":[90,113,141,164,210],"research":[91,114,142,172,211],"keyboard":[93,105,118,128,149,177,204,241],"data":[94,106,129,150,178,205,242],"attacks":[95,107],"defense":[97],"techniques":[98],"draw":[100],"fundamental":[102],"reasons":[103],"derive":[109],"countermeasures.":[110],"The":[111,139],"first":[112,163],"about":[116],"stealing":[117],"data,":[119],"an":[120,144],"attack":[121,145,206,215,226],"that":[122,147],"uses":[123],"machine":[124,158,202],"learning":[125,159],"steal":[127],"overcome":[131],"limitations":[133],"a":[135,176,183,213,247,252],"C/D":[136],"bit":[137],"attack.":[138],"second":[140],"technique":[146,180],"steals":[148],"more":[151,271],"efficiently":[152],"expanding":[154],"in":[161,233,239],"research.":[165],"article,":[168],"previous":[171,199],"findings,":[173],"we":[174],"proposed":[175,221],"protection":[179],"using":[181],"GAN,":[182],"Generative":[184],"Adversarial":[185],"Network,":[186],"verified":[188],"feasibility.":[190],"To":[191],"summarize":[192],"results":[194],"performance":[196,244,258,264],"evaluation":[197],"with":[198],"research,":[200],"learning-based":[203],"exhibited":[212],"96.7%":[214],"success":[216,227],"rate,":[217],"while":[218],"study's":[220],"method":[222],"significantly":[223],"decreased":[224],"rate":[228],"approximately":[230],"13%.":[231],"Notably,":[232],"experiments,":[235],"average":[237],"decrease":[238,269],"classification":[243],"ranged":[245],"from":[246],"minimum":[248],"-29%":[250],"maximum":[253,261],"52%.":[255],"When":[256],"evaluating":[257],"performance,":[262],"indicators":[265],"were":[266],"found":[267],"than":[272],"50%.":[273]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-01-22T23:29:09.771500","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
