{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4391821022","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24041207","title":"FFT-Based Simultaneous Calculations of Very Long Signal Multi-Resolution Spectra for Ultra-Wideband Digital Radio Frequency Receiver and Other Digital Sensor Applications","display_name":"FFT-Based Simultaneous Calculations of Very Long Signal Multi-Resolution Spectra for Ultra-Wideband Digital Radio Frequency Receiver and Other Digital Sensor Applications","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-02-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4391821022","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24041207","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38400365"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24041207","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24041207","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/4/1207/pdf?version=1707837839","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/4/1207/pdf?version=1707837839","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090456007","display_name":"Chen Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7095-131X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1297460800","display_name":"Defence Research and Development Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/00hgy8d33","country_code":"CA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1297460800","https://openalex.org/I1336338359","https://openalex.org/I2802286613"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chen Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Defence Research and Development Canada\u2014Ottawa Research Centre, Ottawa, ON K1A 0Z4, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7095-131X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Defence Research and Development Canada\u2014Ottawa Research Centre, Ottawa, ON K1A 0Z4, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1297460800"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108940414","display_name":"Michael L\u00f6w","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2106-2414"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1297460800","display_name":"Defence Research and Development Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/00hgy8d33","country_code":"CA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1297460800","https://openalex.org/I1336338359","https://openalex.org/I2802286613"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Low","raw_affiliation_strings":["Defence Research and Development Canada\u2014Ottawa Research Centre, Ottawa, ON K1A 0Z4, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Defence Research and Development Canada\u2014Ottawa Research Centre, Ottawa, ON K1A 0Z4, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1297460800"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5090456007"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1297460800"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":0.9705,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7217653,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"4","first_page":"1207","last_page":"1207"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10688","display_name":"Image and Signal Denoising Methods","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10688","display_name":"Image and Signal Denoising Methods","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11210","display_name":"Mathematical Analysis and Transform Methods","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2604","display_name":"Applied Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11034","display_name":"Digital Filter Design and Implementation","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fast-fourier-transform","display_name":"Fast Fourier transform","score":0.8622275590896606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bandwidth","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","score":0.5865179896354675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bin","display_name":"Bin","score":0.5558519959449768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5073735117912292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wideband","display_name":"Wideband","score":0.49717381596565247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resolution","display_name":"Resolution (logic)","score":0.48438936471939087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-signal-processing","display_name":"Digital signal processing","score":0.45241543650627136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.40303122997283936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3974100351333618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.24922874569892883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.17230454087257385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.12918689846992493}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75172450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q623950","display_name":"Fast Fourier transform","level":2,"score":0.8622275590896606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5865179896354675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156273044","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4913766","display_name":"Bin","level":2,"score":0.5558519959449768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5073735117912292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780202535","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4524457","display_name":"Wideband","level":2,"score":0.49717381596565247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138268822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1051925","display_name":"Resolution (logic)","level":2,"score":0.48438936471939087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84462506","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173142","display_name":"Digital signal processing","level":2,"score":0.45241543650627136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.40303122997283936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3974100351333618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.24922874569892883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.17230454087257385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.12918689846992493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24041207","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24041207","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/4/1207/pdf?version=1707837839","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38400365","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38400365","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10892742","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10892742","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10892742/pdf/sensors-24-01207.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:941f85426f40477abdf833a1cf4b4331","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/941f85426f40477abdf833a1cf4b4331","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 24, Iss 4, p 1207 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24041207","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24041207","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/4/1207/pdf?version=1707837839","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.5199999809265137,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319880","display_name":"Government of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/010q4q527"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320330045","display_name":"Minist\u00e8re de la D\u00e9fense Nationale","ror":"https://ror.org/035rreb34"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4391821022.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1589497630","https://openalex.org/W1976848035","https://openalex.org/W1996021349","https://openalex.org/W2067162355","https://openalex.org/W2083652170","https://openalex.org/W2090697566","https://openalex.org/W2110063971","https://openalex.org/W2145576488","https://openalex.org/W2580674969","https://openalex.org/W2768531411","https://openalex.org/W2987362876","https://openalex.org/W4229006563","https://openalex.org/W4238865235","https://openalex.org/W4285065952","https://openalex.org/W4310153890","https://openalex.org/W4387140558","https://openalex.org/W6820478434"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2107701374","https://openalex.org/W1616588898","https://openalex.org/W4249504934","https://openalex.org/W2183416055","https://openalex.org/W2568867011","https://openalex.org/W1994114538","https://openalex.org/W2413205705","https://openalex.org/W2735644334","https://openalex.org/W138879321","https://openalex.org/W4244509969"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,44,183],"discrete":[1],"Fourier":[2,40],"transform":[3,41],"(DFT)":[4],"is":[5,24,51,68,112,131,143,173,188,215,238],"the":[6,38,54,61,64,73,82,89,92,97,103,134,144,159,220,230,233],"most":[7],"commonly":[8],"used":[9,59,87],"signal":[10,19],"processing":[11],"method":[12,162,193],"in":[13,27,60,88,245],"modern":[14,170],"digital":[15,65,104],"sensor":[16],"design":[17],"for":[18,123,176,205],"study":[20],"and":[21,102],"analysis.":[22],"It":[23],"often":[25],"implemented":[26],"hardware,":[28],"such":[29],"as":[30,133,227],"a":[31,76,169,191],"field":[32],"programmable":[33],"gate":[34],"array":[35],"(FPGA),":[36],"using":[37,158],"fast":[39],"(FFT)":[42],"algorithm.":[43],"frequency":[45,48,78,98,138,145],"resolution":[46,139,146,222],"(i.e.,":[47],"bin":[49,99],"size)":[50],"determined":[52],"by":[53,80,156],"number":[55,83,93],"of":[56,75,84,94,118,152,179,185,232],"time":[57,85],"samples":[58,86,95],"DFT,":[62],"when":[63],"sensor's":[66],"bandwidth":[67],"fixed.":[69],"One":[70],"can":[71,195],"vary":[72],"sensitivity":[74,106],"radio":[77],"receiver":[79,105],"changing":[81],"DFT.":[90],"As":[91],"increases,":[96],"width":[100],"decreases,":[101],"increases.":[107],"In":[108],"some":[109],"applications,":[110],"it":[111],"useful":[113],"to":[114,189,201,241,247],"compute":[115],"an":[116],"ensemble":[117],"FFT":[119,161,214],"lengths;":[120],"e.g.,":[121,181],"2P-j":[122,204],"j=0,":[124],"1,":[125],"2,":[126],"\u2026,":[127],"J,":[128],"where":[129],"j":[130],"defined":[132],"spectrum":[135,198],"level":[136],"with":[137],"2j\u00b7\u0394f.":[140],"Here":[141],"\u0394f":[142],"at":[147],"j=0.":[148],"However,":[149],"calculating":[150],"all":[151,206],"these":[153],"spectra":[154,223],"one":[155,157,211],"conventional":[160],"would":[163],"be":[164],"prohibitively":[165],"time-consuming,":[166],"even":[167],"on":[168],"FPGA.":[171],"This":[172],"especially":[174],"true":[175],"large":[177],"values":[178],"P;":[180],"P\u226520.":[182],"goal":[184],"this":[186],"communication":[187],"introduce":[190],"new":[192],"that":[194],"produce":[196],"multi-resolution":[197],"lines":[199],"corresponding":[200],"sample":[202],"lengths":[203],"J+1":[207],"levels,":[208],"concurrently,":[209],"while":[210],"long":[212],"2P-length":[213,234],"being":[216],"calculated.":[217],"That":[218],"is,":[219],"lower":[221],"are":[224],"generated":[225],"naturally":[226],"by-products":[228],"during":[229],"computation":[231],"FFT,":[235],"so":[236],"there":[237],"no":[239],"need":[240],"perform":[242],"additional":[243],"calculations":[244],"order":[246],"obtain":[248],"them.":[249]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-01T09:00:35.917206","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
