{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4391685088","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24041138","title":"Remote Fault Diagnosis for the Powertrain System of Fuel Cell Vehicles Based on Random Forest Optimized with a Genetic Algorithm","display_name":"Remote Fault Diagnosis for the Powertrain System of Fuel Cell Vehicles Based on Random Forest Optimized with a Genetic Algorithm","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-02-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4391685088","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24041138","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38400297"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24041138","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24041138","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/4/1138/pdf?version=1707464185","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/4/1138/pdf?version=1707464185","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063912903","display_name":"Rui Quan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7789-8902"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74525822","display_name":"Hubei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02d3fj342","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74525822"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rui Quan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hubei Engineering Research Center for Safety Monitoring of New Energy and Power Grid Equipment, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China","Hubei Key Laboratory for High-Efficiency Utilization of Solar Energy and Operation Control of Energy Storage System, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7789-8902","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hubei Engineering Research Center for Safety Monitoring of New Energy and Power Grid Equipment, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74525822"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hubei Key Laboratory for High-Efficiency Utilization of Solar Energy and Operation Control of Energy Storage System, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74525822"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100410057","display_name":"Jian Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1348-7607"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74525822","display_name":"Hubei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02d3fj342","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74525822"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jian Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hubei Engineering Research Center for Safety Monitoring of New Energy and Power Grid Equipment, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China","Hubei Key Laboratory for High-Efficiency Utilization of Solar Energy and Operation Control of Energy Storage System, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hubei Engineering Research Center for Safety Monitoring of New Energy and Power Grid Equipment, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74525822"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hubei Key Laboratory for High-Efficiency Utilization of Solar Energy and Operation Control of Energy Storage System, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74525822"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101337223","display_name":"Zixiang Feng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74525822","display_name":"Hubei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02d3fj342","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74525822"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zixiang Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hubei Engineering Research Center for Safety Monitoring of New Energy and Power Grid Equipment, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China","Hubei Key Laboratory for High-Efficiency Utilization of Solar Energy and Operation Control of Energy Storage System, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hubei Engineering Research Center for Safety Monitoring of New Energy and Power Grid Equipment, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74525822"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hubei Key Laboratory for High-Efficiency Utilization of Solar Energy and Operation Control of Energy Storage System, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74525822"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100410057"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74525822"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":2.0038,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86147938,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"4","first_page":"1138","last_page":"1138"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10409","display_name":"Fuel Cells and Related Materials","score":0.9923999905586243,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10409","display_name":"Fuel Cells and Related Materials","score":0.9923999905586243,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","score":0.9775000214576721,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10220","display_name":"Machine Fault Diagnosis Techniques","score":0.9760000109672546,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/powertrain","display_name":"Powertrain","score":0.7129001617431641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault","display_name":"Fault (geology)","score":0.6645885705947876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-algorithm","display_name":"Genetic algorithm","score":0.5672133564949036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.5309300422668457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.5209656953811646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering","display_name":"Automotive engineering","score":0.4930517375469208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.4364125728607178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/controller","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","score":0.4315423369407654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.42775407433509827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.408451646566391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.4061068892478943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.36786597967147827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.21677660942077637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.17262601852416992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.1227043867111206}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76047896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1786258","display_name":"Powertrain","level":3,"score":0.7129001617431641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175551986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47089","display_name":"Fault (geology)","level":2,"score":0.6645885705947876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8880873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187787","display_name":"Genetic algorithm","level":2,"score":0.5672133564949036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.5309300422668457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.5209656953811646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.4930517375469208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.4364125728607178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.4315423369407654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.42775407433509827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.408451646566391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.4061068892478943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.36786597967147827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.21677660942077637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.17262601852416992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.1227043867111206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144171764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48103","display_name":"Torque","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165205528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83371","display_name":"Seismology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24041138","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24041138","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/4/1138/pdf?version=1707464185","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38400297","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38400297","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10893177","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10893177","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10893177/pdf/sensors-24-01138.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d83d2ff3e07c4ee8bb10cca5771ea1a2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d83d2ff3e07c4ee8bb10cca5771ea1a2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 24, Iss 4, p 1138 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24041138","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24041138","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/4/1138/pdf?version=1707464185","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life in Land","score":0.5199999809265137,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2167491046","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"51407063","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4627895765","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"51977061","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6667057295","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61903129","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7317970326","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"HBSEES202205","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4391685088.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2059234794","https://openalex.org/W2345393644","https://openalex.org/W2626161633","https://openalex.org/W2759519751","https://openalex.org/W2766547655","https://openalex.org/W2782977612","https://openalex.org/W2897996667","https://openalex.org/W2915229515","https://openalex.org/W2940491215","https://openalex.org/W2945662290","https://openalex.org/W2946800729","https://openalex.org/W2949096490","https://openalex.org/W2957568672","https://openalex.org/W2991620896","https://openalex.org/W2997757557","https://openalex.org/W3003618242","https://openalex.org/W3036658858","https://openalex.org/W3045302112","https://openalex.org/W3083358932","https://openalex.org/W3089569939","https://openalex.org/W3101408970","https://openalex.org/W3111607116","https://openalex.org/W3130785848","https://openalex.org/W3137896025","https://openalex.org/W3162538279","https://openalex.org/W3186607419","https://openalex.org/W3195868649","https://openalex.org/W3197735936","https://openalex.org/W4213454169","https://openalex.org/W4220997480","https://openalex.org/W4221131777","https://openalex.org/W4295046711","https://openalex.org/W4313420486","https://openalex.org/W4318426282","https://openalex.org/W4321445775","https://openalex.org/W4364856178","https://openalex.org/W4368228253","https://openalex.org/W4387332165","https://openalex.org/W4387739578","https://openalex.org/W6779794038","https://openalex.org/W6852275037"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4388980375","https://openalex.org/W2142639873","https://openalex.org/W2360794504","https://openalex.org/W2356035581","https://openalex.org/W3097253201","https://openalex.org/W2069654098","https://openalex.org/W4236614235","https://openalex.org/W3097605578","https://openalex.org/W4213388056","https://openalex.org/W2370897813"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0],"enhance":[1],"the":[2,35,49,52,63,83,105,111,114,142,151,160,177,189,198],"safety":[3],"and":[4,21,28,62,73,100,136,147,194],"reliability":[5],"of":[6,42,113,150,169,176,191,201],"fuel":[7,202],"cell":[8,203],"vehicles,":[9],"a":[10,29,58,77,96],"remote":[11,74,192],"monitoring":[12,60,193],"system":[13,45,54,200],"based":[14,81],"on":[15,51,82,104],"5th":[16],"generation":[17],"(5G)":[18],"mobile":[19],"networks":[20,24],"controller":[22],"area":[23],"(CANs)":[25],"was":[26,46,55,68,86,102,120],"designed,":[27],"random":[30,130],"forest":[31],"(RF)":[32],"algorithm":[33,85,98],"for":[34,38,70,88,197],"fault":[36,78,89,117,154,195],"diagnosis":[37,79,118,196],"eight":[39],"typical":[40,174],"malfunctions":[41],"its":[43,91],"powertrain":[44,53,178,199],"incorporated.":[47],"Firstly,":[48],"information":[50],"obtained":[56],"through":[57],"5G-based":[59],"terminal,":[61],"Alibaba":[64,106],"Cloud":[65,107],"IoT":[66],"platform":[67],"utilized":[69],"data":[71],"storage":[72],"monitoring.":[75],"Secondly,":[76],"model":[80,119,143,156,164],"RF":[84,116,153],"constructed":[87],"classification;":[90],"parameters":[92],"were":[93],"optimized":[94,152],"with":[95,125],"genetic":[97],"(GA),":[99],"it":[101,124],"applied":[103],"PAI":[108],"platform.":[109],"Finally,":[110],"performance":[112],"proposed":[115],"evaluated":[121],"by":[122,182],"comparing":[123],"three":[126],"other":[127,161],"classification":[128,155],"models:":[129],"search":[131,134],"conditioning,":[132,135],"grid":[133],"Bayesian":[137],"optimization.":[138],"Results":[139],"show":[140],"that":[141],"accuracy,":[144],"F1":[145,167],"score,":[146],"kappa":[148],"value":[149,168],"are":[157],"higher":[158],"than":[159],"three.":[162],"The":[163,186],"achieves":[165],"an":[166],"97.77%":[170],"in":[171],"identifying":[172],"multiple":[173],"faults":[175],"system,":[179],"as":[180],"validated":[181],"vehicle":[183],"malfunction":[184],"data.":[185],"method":[187],"demonstrates":[188],"feasibility":[190],"vehicles.":[204]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-06-24T13:16:06.693445","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}