{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4391384933","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24030940","title":"Compound Fault Diagnosis of Planetary Gearbox Based on Improved LTSS-BoW Model and Capsule Network","display_name":"Compound Fault Diagnosis of Planetary Gearbox Based on Improved LTSS-BoW Model and Capsule Network","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4391384933","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24030940","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38339658"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24030940","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24030940","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/3/940/pdf?version=1706714192","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/3/940/pdf?version=1706714192","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071812261","display_name":"Guoyan Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3224-2824"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9086337","display_name":"Taiyuan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03kv08d37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9086337"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Guoyan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Advance Transducers and Intelligent Control System, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China","School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Advance Transducers and Intelligent Control System, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9086337"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056568428","display_name":"Liyu He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6637-3729"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9086337","display_name":"Taiyuan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03kv08d37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9086337"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liyu He","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Advance Transducers and Intelligent Control System, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Advance Transducers and Intelligent Control System, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9086337"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100937861","display_name":"Yulin Ren","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9086337","display_name":"Taiyuan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03kv08d37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9086337"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yulin Ren","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Advance Transducers and Intelligent Control System, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Advance Transducers and Intelligent Control System, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9086337"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103720264","display_name":"Xiong Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9086337","display_name":"Taiyuan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03kv08d37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9086337"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiong Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Advance Transducers and Intelligent Control System, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Advance Transducers and Intelligent Control System, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9086337"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006261789","display_name":"Jingbin Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2065-1823"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9086337","display_name":"Taiyuan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03kv08d37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9086337"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingbin Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Advance Transducers and Intelligent Control System, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Advance Transducers and Intelligent Control System, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9086337"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114123212","display_name":"Runjun Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5545-6708"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9086337","display_name":"Taiyuan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03kv08d37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9086337"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Runjun Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Advance Transducers and Intelligent Control System, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Advance Transducers and Intelligent Control System, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9086337"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5071812261"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711","https://openalex.org/I9086337"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":3.527,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92672695,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"3","first_page":"940","last_page":"940"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10220","display_name":"Machine Fault Diagnosis Techniques","score":0.9950000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10220","display_name":"Machine Fault Diagnosis Techniques","score":0.9950000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11062","display_name":"Gear and Bearing Dynamics Analysis","score":0.991100013256073,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13891","display_name":"Engineering Diagnostics and Reliability","score":0.9697999954223633,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extractor","display_name":"Extractor","score":0.6428825259208679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.610444188117981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.6076988577842712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5154548287391663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5142633318901062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault","display_name":"Fault (geology)","score":0.4992642402648926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.48905786871910095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.48328784108161926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.34791457653045654}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117978034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5422192","display_name":"Extractor","level":2,"score":0.6428825259208679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.610444188117981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.6076988577842712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5154548287391663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5142633318901062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175551986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47089","display_name":"Fault (geology)","level":2,"score":0.4992642402648926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.48905786871910095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.48328784108161926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.34791457653045654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165205528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83371","display_name":"Seismology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21880701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2144042","display_name":"Process engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24030940","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24030940","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/3/940/pdf?version=1706714192","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38339658","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38339658","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10857070","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10857070","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10857070/pdf/sensors-24-00940.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:cddccf9aa178479da8ceff7f402c26a9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/cddccf9aa178479da8ceff7f402c26a9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 24, Iss 3, p 940 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24030940","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24030940","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/3/940/pdf?version=1706714192","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2497434236","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"202203021221087","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5072549736","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020M673170","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322666","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G523603304","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"51805354","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5291175170","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"202203021221087","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322666","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6103340673","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"202203021221087","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7049458270","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020M673170","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7924534950","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"51805354","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8341926786","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020M673170","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8931381249","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"51805354","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322666","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0426zh255"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322666","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324098","display_name":"Taiyuan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03kv08d37"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4391384933.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1871385855","https://openalex.org/W2025632878","https://openalex.org/W2189625117","https://openalex.org/W2744604411","https://openalex.org/W2802012801","https://openalex.org/W2810188680","https://openalex.org/W2884396524","https://openalex.org/W2905166565","https://openalex.org/W2907006000","https://openalex.org/W2945823856","https://openalex.org/W2954458489","https://openalex.org/W2959988970","https://openalex.org/W2965962201","https://openalex.org/W2979668754","https://openalex.org/W2991661665","https://openalex.org/W3011766772","https://openalex.org/W3091659788","https://openalex.org/W3117912519","https://openalex.org/W3122126208","https://openalex.org/W3128753833","https://openalex.org/W3205765200","https://openalex.org/W3213931133","https://openalex.org/W4200123685","https://openalex.org/W4200534047","https://openalex.org/W4210940432","https://openalex.org/W4220704595","https://openalex.org/W4281262500","https://openalex.org/W4293660899","https://openalex.org/W4294024749","https://openalex.org/W4306957755","https://openalex.org/W4306963831","https://openalex.org/W4385392099","https://openalex.org/W4386905885","https://openalex.org/W4388761197","https://openalex.org/W6686980507","https://openalex.org/W6743446608"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3082848404","https://openalex.org/W1979583797","https://openalex.org/W2016864125","https://openalex.org/W2372254676","https://openalex.org/W2080135837","https://openalex.org/W2793679056","https://openalex.org/W2372829958","https://openalex.org/W2945706271","https://openalex.org/W2535808783","https://openalex.org/W2114169842"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,115,131,151],"identification":[1],"of":[2,6,24,62,117,146],"compound":[3,33,63,127,148],"fault":[4,34,64,74,128,149],"components":[5,145],"a":[7,45,67,93,98],"planetary":[8],"gearbox":[9],"is":[10,29,56,70,81,102,122,154,159],"especially":[11],"important":[12],"for":[13,58],"keeping":[14],"the":[15,21,43,59,106,118,143,162],"mechanical":[16],"equipment":[17],"working":[18],"safely.":[19],"However,":[20],"recognition":[22,61],"performance":[23],"existing":[25],"deep":[26],"learning-based":[27],"methods":[28],"limited":[30],"by":[31,124],"insufficient":[32],"samples":[35],"and":[36,110],"single":[37],"label":[38],"classification":[39,166],"principles.":[40],"To":[41],"solve":[42],"issue,":[44],"capsule":[46,99],"neural":[47],"network":[48,100],"with":[49,88],"an":[50],"improved":[51],"feature":[52,68,75],"extractor,":[53],"named":[54],"LTSS-BoW-CapsNet,":[55],"proposed":[57,119],"intelligent":[60],"components.":[65],"Firstly,":[66],"extractor":[69],"constructed":[71],"to":[72],"extract":[73],"vectors":[76],"from":[77],"raw":[78],"signals,":[79],"which":[80,105,158],"based":[82,96],"on":[83,97],"local":[84],"temporal":[85],"self-similarity":[86],"coupled":[87],"bag-of-words":[89],"models":[90],"(LTSS-BoW).":[91],"Then,":[92],"multi-label":[94],"classifier":[95],"(CapsNet)":[101],"designed,":[103],"in":[104],"dynamic":[107],"routing":[108],"algorithm":[109],"average":[111],"threshold":[112],"are":[113],"adopted.":[114],"effectiveness":[116],"LTSS-BoW-CapsNet":[120],"method":[121,137],"validated":[123],"processing":[125],"three":[126],"diagnosis":[129],"tasks.":[130],"experimental":[132],"results":[133],"demonstrate":[134],"that":[135],"our":[136],"can":[138],"via":[139],"decoupling":[140],"effectively":[141],"identify":[142],"multi-fault":[144],"different":[147],"patterns.":[150],"testing":[152],"accuracy":[153],"more":[155],"than":[156,161],"97%,":[157],"better":[160],"other":[163],"four":[164],"traditional":[165],"models.":[167]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-05T09:01:59.212387","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
