{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4391345513","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24030836","title":"A Radar Echo Simulator for the Synthesis of Randomized Training Data Sets in the Context of AI-Based Applications","display_name":"A Radar Echo Simulator for the Synthesis of Randomized Training Data Sets in the Context of AI-Based Applications","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4391345513","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24030836","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38339553"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24030836","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24030836","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/3/836/pdf?version=1706344077","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/3/836/pdf?version=1706344077","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061297779","display_name":"Jonas Schorlemer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5198-480X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I904495901","display_name":"Ruhr University Bochum","ror":"https://ror.org/04tsk2644","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jonas Schorlemer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Microwave Systems (HFS), Ruhr University Bochum, Universit\u00e4tsstra\u00dfe 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5198-480X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Microwave Systems (HFS), Ruhr University Bochum, Universit\u00e4tsstra\u00dfe 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092624004","display_name":"Jochen Altholz","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I904495901","display_name":"Ruhr University Bochum","ror":"https://ror.org/04tsk2644","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jochen Altholz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Microwave Systems (HFS), Ruhr University Bochum, Universit\u00e4tsstra\u00dfe 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Microwave Systems (HFS), Ruhr University Bochum, Universit\u00e4tsstra\u00dfe 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068415634","display_name":"Jan Barowski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0962-179X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I904495901","display_name":"Ruhr University Bochum","ror":"https://ror.org/04tsk2644","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jan Barowski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Microwave Systems (HFS), Ruhr University Bochum, Universit\u00e4tsstra\u00dfe 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Microwave Systems (HFS), Ruhr University Bochum, Universit\u00e4tsstra\u00dfe 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064093130","display_name":"Christoph Baer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0262-2922"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I904495901","display_name":"Ruhr University Bochum","ror":"https://ror.org/04tsk2644","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christoph Baer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Electronic Circuits (EST), Ruhr University Bochum, Universit\u00e4tsstra\u00dfe 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0262-2922","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Electronic Circuits (EST), Ruhr University Bochum, Universit\u00e4tsstra\u00dfe 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046336938","display_name":"Ilona Rolfes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8195-4786"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I904495901","display_name":"Ruhr University Bochum","ror":"https://ror.org/04tsk2644","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ilona Rolfes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Microwave Systems (HFS), Ruhr University Bochum, Universit\u00e4tsstra\u00dfe 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Microwave Systems (HFS), Ruhr University Bochum, Universit\u00e4tsstra\u00dfe 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000022000","display_name":"Christian Schulz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2708-0632"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I904495901","display_name":"Ruhr University Bochum","ror":"https://ror.org/04tsk2644","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christian Schulz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Microwave Systems (HFS), Ruhr University Bochum, Universit\u00e4tsstra\u00dfe 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Microwave Systems (HFS), Ruhr University Bochum, Universit\u00e4tsstra\u00dfe 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5061297779"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.3052,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.50716681,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"3","first_page":"836","last_page":"836"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11739","display_name":"Microwave Imaging and Scattering Analysis","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10572","display_name":"Geophysical and Geoelectrical Methods","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.711678683757782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.646687924861908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.6387912631034851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.6096653342247009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5260013341903687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.48840731382369995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","score":0.4583037197589874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.4375111162662506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.43197235465049744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.33160045742988586}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.711678683757782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.646687924861908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6387912631034851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.6096653342247009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5260013341903687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.48840731382369995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777211547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141490","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","level":2,"score":0.4583037197589874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.4375111162662506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.43197235465049744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.33160045742988586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24030836","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24030836","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/3/836/pdf?version=1706344077","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38339553","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38339553","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10856882","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10856882","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10856882/pdf/sensors-24-00836.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c4b432794f4242f8965e28ed759fe24c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c4b432794f4242f8965e28ed759fe24c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 24, Iss 3, p 836 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24030836","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24030836","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/3/836/pdf?version=1706344077","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2673102982","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"422037413\u2013CRC/TRR 287","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4607045443","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"249700234","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8171577572","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"423771041","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/018mejw64"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4391345513.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1659860163","https://openalex.org/W2094254128","https://openalex.org/W2107403488","https://openalex.org/W2111846395","https://openalex.org/W2130536663","https://openalex.org/W2139058286","https://openalex.org/W2142063750","https://openalex.org/W2152969402","https://openalex.org/W2162673220","https://openalex.org/W2202811667","https://openalex.org/W2432811830","https://openalex.org/W2667588232","https://openalex.org/W2730249686","https://openalex.org/W2766854032","https://openalex.org/W2792720842","https://openalex.org/W2809241909","https://openalex.org/W2888266090","https://openalex.org/W2890212406","https://openalex.org/W2891432132","https://openalex.org/W2899770896","https://openalex.org/W2901206390","https://openalex.org/W2903903899","https://openalex.org/W2945308770","https://openalex.org/W2953001150","https://openalex.org/W2963249133","https://openalex.org/W2967748406","https://openalex.org/W2969298016","https://openalex.org/W2978071572","https://openalex.org/W2979796321","https://openalex.org/W2981798583","https://openalex.org/W2999423154","https://openalex.org/W3016627481","https://openalex.org/W3029679819","https://openalex.org/W3070798227","https://openalex.org/W3083937459","https://openalex.org/W3099746624","https://openalex.org/W3196443474","https://openalex.org/W4281856496","https://openalex.org/W4308970681","https://openalex.org/W4311819746","https://openalex.org/W4319966086","https://openalex.org/W4320803251","https://openalex.org/W4385416540","https://openalex.org/W4386038359","https://openalex.org/W4388421913"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W230091440","https://openalex.org/W2233261550","https://openalex.org/W2810751659","https://openalex.org/W258997015","https://openalex.org/W2997094352","https://openalex.org/W3216976533","https://openalex.org/W100620283","https://openalex.org/W2495260952","https://openalex.org/W4366179611","https://openalex.org/W2996078371"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Supervised":[0],"machine":[1,69],"learning":[2,70],"algorithms":[3],"usually":[4],"require":[5],"huge":[6],"labeled":[7,189],"data":[8,19,40,116,217],"sets":[9,20,117,218],"to":[10,114,158,187],"produce":[11],"sufficiently":[12],"good":[13,199],"results.":[14],"For":[15,72],"many":[16],"applications,":[17],"these":[18],"are":[21,185],"still":[22],"not":[23],"available":[24],"today,":[25],"and":[26,52],"the":[27,37,58,65,79,89,101,127,146,172,192,202,211],"reasons":[28],"for":[29,87,191],"this":[30,73,75,149],"can":[31,41,62,137],"be":[32,42,139],"manifold.":[33],"As":[34],"a":[35,68,82,92,163,207],"solution,":[36],"missing":[38],"training":[39,59,193,216],"generated":[43],"by":[44],"fast":[45],"simulators.":[46],"This":[47,167],"procedure":[48],"is":[49,112,124,168,177],"well":[50],"studied":[51],"allows":[53],"filling":[54],"possible":[55],"gaps":[56],"in":[57,95,182,206],"data,":[60],"which":[61,136],"further":[63],"improve":[64],"results":[66,197,204],"of":[67,81,91,108,129,148,174,178,213],"model.":[71],"reason,":[74],"article":[76],"deals":[77],"with":[78,118,156,201,219],"development":[80,128],"two-dimensional":[83],"electromagnetic":[84],"field":[85],"simulator":[86],"modeling":[88],"response":[90],"radar":[93,104,165],"sensor":[94],"an":[96,142,169],"imaging":[97],"system":[98],"based":[99],"on":[100,126,153],"synthetic":[102,220],"aperture":[103],"principle.":[105],"The":[106,195],"creation":[107],"completely":[109],"random":[110,134],"scenes":[111],"essential":[113],"achieve":[115],"large":[119],"variance.":[120],"Therefore,":[121],"special":[122],"emphasis":[123],"placed":[125],"methods":[130],"that":[131],"allow":[132],"creating":[133],"objects,":[135],"then":[138],"assembled":[140],"into":[141],"entire":[143],"scene.":[144],"In":[145],"context":[147],"contribution,":[150,209],"we":[151],"focus":[152],"humanitarian":[154],"demining":[155],"regard":[157],"improvised":[159],"explosive":[160],"devices":[161],"using":[162],"ground-penetrating":[164],"system.":[166],"area":[170],"where":[171],"use":[173],"trained":[175],"classifiers":[176],"great":[179],"importance,":[180],"but":[181],"practice,":[183],"there":[184],"little":[186],"no":[188],"datasets":[190],"process.":[194],"simulation":[196],"show":[198],"agreement":[200],"measurement":[203],"obtained":[205],"previous":[208],"demonstrating":[210],"possibility":[212],"enhancing":[214],"sparse":[215],"data.":[221]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
