{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4391232140","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24030772","title":"Anomaly Detection on the Edge Using Smart Cameras under Low-Light Conditions","display_name":"Anomaly Detection on the Edge Using Smart Cameras under Low-Light Conditions","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4391232140","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24030772","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38339490"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24030772","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24030772","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/3/772/pdf?version=1706174595","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/3/772/pdf?version=1706174595","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093789536","display_name":"Yaser Abu Awwad","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79510175","display_name":"Cardiff University","ror":"https://ror.org/03kk7td41","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yaser Abu Awwad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Informatics, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4AG, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Informatics, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4AG, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021973291","display_name":"Omer Rana","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3597-2646"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79510175","display_name":"Cardiff University","ror":"https://ror.org/03kk7td41","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Omer Rana","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Informatics, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4AG, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Informatics, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4AG, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060972706","display_name":"Charith Perera","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0190-3346"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79510175","display_name":"Cardiff University","ror":"https://ror.org/03kk7td41","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Charith Perera","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Informatics, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4AG, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Informatics, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4AG, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5093789536"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.2231,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78552681,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"3","first_page":"772","last_page":"772"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11019","display_name":"Image Enhancement Techniques","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9891999959945679,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7407059073448181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visibility","display_name":"Visibility","score":0.6075099110603333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5843258500099182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-detection","display_name":"Anomaly detection","score":0.5812464356422424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.558131992816925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.506290078163147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4574548304080963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.4297362267971039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.31018197536468506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.1329074203968048}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7407059073448181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123403432","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q654068","display_name":"Visibility","level":2,"score":0.6075099110603333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5843258500099182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.5812464356422424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.558131992816925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.506290078163147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4574548304080963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.4297362267971039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.31018197536468506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.1329074203968048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24030772","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24030772","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/3/772/pdf?version=1706174595","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38339490","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38339490","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk:163552","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401195","display_name":"ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79510175","host_organization_name":"Cardiff University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"NonPeerReviewed"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10857634","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10857634","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10857634/pdf/sensors-24-00772.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:73572e58ac1a4937bb89edcd465ef21e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/73572e58ac1a4937bb89edcd465ef21e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 24, Iss 3, p 772 (2024)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk:164603","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/164603/2/awwadabuy.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401195","display_name":"ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79510175","host_organization_name":"Cardiff University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Thesis"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24030772","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24030772","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/3/772/pdf?version=1706174595","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.44999998807907104}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G521268540","display_name":"PETRAS 2","funder_award_id":"EP/S035362/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320307791","display_name":"Cisco Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/03yt1ez60"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320350","display_name":"Cardiff University","ror":"https://ror.org/03kk7td41"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4391232140.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4391232140.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":69,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1861492603","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1998508080","https://openalex.org/W2026203852","https://openalex.org/W2051903461","https://openalex.org/W2063603851","https://openalex.org/W2073883415","https://openalex.org/W2087240369","https://openalex.org/W2101234009","https://openalex.org/W2107386336","https://openalex.org/W2110764733","https://openalex.org/W2111641487","https://openalex.org/W2121927366","https://openalex.org/W2126935516","https://openalex.org/W2148809531","https://openalex.org/W2154889144","https://openalex.org/W2165698076","https://openalex.org/W2254039850","https://openalex.org/W2508859727","https://openalex.org/W2573794412","https://openalex.org/W2603203130","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2769751329","https://openalex.org/W2783399029","https://openalex.org/W2799265886","https://openalex.org/W2885735575","https://openalex.org/W2886649975","https://openalex.org/W2946245424","https://openalex.org/W2948354154","https://openalex.org/W2949628230","https://openalex.org/W2963766909","https://openalex.org/W2981718299","https://openalex.org/W2981847167","https://openalex.org/W3006898026","https://openalex.org/W3034347506","https://openalex.org/W3034539499","https://openalex.org/W3034895805","https://openalex.org/W3035731588","https://openalex.org/W3047979925","https://openalex.org/W3080971916","https://openalex.org/W3100229168","https://openalex.org/W3100618669","https://openalex.org/W3107113662","https://openalex.org/W3120540810","https://openalex.org/W3121661546","https://openalex.org/W3124372372","https://openalex.org/W3134649899","https://openalex.org/W3137588588","https://openalex.org/W3154123740","https://openalex.org/W3159250660","https://openalex.org/W3159815534","https://openalex.org/W3171717393","https://openalex.org/W3174792937","https://openalex.org/W3177656331","https://openalex.org/W3180664244","https://openalex.org/W3202466136","https://openalex.org/W3203198074","https://openalex.org/W3214264009","https://openalex.org/W4213072039","https://openalex.org/W4214599906","https://openalex.org/W4225556532","https://openalex.org/W4285181353","https://openalex.org/W4309679179","https://openalex.org/W4312692920","https://openalex.org/W6675354045","https://openalex.org/W6678172595","https://openalex.org/W6683411478","https://openalex.org/W6755037456","https://openalex.org/W6791576295"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2392812199","https://openalex.org/W4200176076","https://openalex.org/W598185802","https://openalex.org/W2355516524","https://openalex.org/W2361471170","https://openalex.org/W2025616642","https://openalex.org/W1954972543","https://openalex.org/W2954738200","https://openalex.org/W4220843223","https://openalex.org/W4226107239"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,95],"number":[1],"of":[2,29,99],"cameras":[3],"utilised":[4],"in":[5,51,60,79],"smart":[6],"city":[7],"domains":[8],"is":[9,144],"increasingly":[10],"prominent":[11],"and":[12,18,24,32,64,90],"notable":[13],"for":[14],"monitoring":[15,37],"outdoor":[16],"urban":[17],"rural":[19],"areas":[20],"such":[21],"as":[22,34,36],"farms":[23],"forests":[25],"to":[26,39,75,85,119,146],"deter":[27],"thefts":[28],"farming":[30],"machinery":[31],"livestock,":[33],"well":[35],"workers":[38],"guarantee":[40],"their":[41],"safety.":[42],"However,":[43],"anomaly":[44],"detection":[45,88,142,159],"tasks":[46],"become":[47],"much":[48],"more":[49],"challenging":[50],"environments":[52],"with":[53,134,165],"low-light":[54,138],"conditions.":[55],"Consequently,":[56],"achieving":[57],"efficient":[58],"outcomes":[59],"recognising":[61],"surrounding":[62],"behaviours":[63],"events":[65],"becomes":[66],"difficult.":[67],"Therefore,":[68],"this":[69],"research":[70],"has":[71],"developed":[72],"a":[73,113,116,141,154,166],"technique":[74,97],"enhance":[76],"images":[77],"captured":[78,133],"poor":[80],"visibility.":[81],"This":[82],"enhancement":[83],"aims":[84],"boost":[86],"object":[87],"accuracy":[89],"mitigate":[91],"false":[92],"positive":[93],"detections.":[94],"proposed":[96],"consists":[98],"several":[100],"stages.":[101,173],"In":[102,127],"the":[103,121,162],"first":[104],"stage,":[105],"features":[106],"are":[107],"extracted":[108],"from":[109,137],"input":[110],"images.":[111],"Subsequently,":[112],"classifier":[114],"assigns":[115],"unique":[117],"label":[118],"indicate":[120],"optimum":[122],"model":[123],"among":[124],"multi-enhancement":[125],"networks.":[126],"addition,":[128],"it":[129],"can":[130],"distinguish":[131],"scenes":[132],"sufficient":[135],"light":[136],"ones.":[139],"Finally,":[140],"algorithm":[143],"applied":[145],"identify":[147],"objects.":[148],"Each":[149],"task":[150],"was":[151],"implemented":[152],"on":[153,161],"separate":[155],"IoT-edge":[156],"device,":[157],"improving":[158],"performance":[160],"ExDark":[163],"database":[164],"nearly":[167],"one-second":[168],"response":[169],"time":[170],"across":[171],"all":[172]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}