{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4390898332","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24020508","title":"GNSS Radio Frequency Interference Monitoring from LEO Satellites: An In-Laboratory Prototype","display_name":"GNSS Radio Frequency Interference Monitoring from LEO Satellites: An In-Laboratory Prototype","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4390898332","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24020508","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38257601"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24020508","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24020508","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/2/508/pdf?version=1705144503","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/2/508/pdf?version=1705144503","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004404652","display_name":"Micaela Troglia Gamba","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7177-6752"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155299","display_name":"LINKS Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/059r3nh67","country_code":"IT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155299"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Micaela Troglia Gamba","raw_affiliation_strings":["LINKS Foundation, 10138 Turin, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7177-6752","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LINKS Foundation, 10138 Turin, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155299"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021753798","display_name":"Brendan David Polidori","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2368-1008"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155299","display_name":"LINKS Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/059r3nh67","country_code":"IT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155299"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brendan David Polidori","raw_affiliation_strings":["LINKS Foundation, 10138 Turin, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LINKS Foundation, 10138 Turin, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155299"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043004019","display_name":"Alex Minetto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0586-7151"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177477856","display_name":"Politecnico di Torino","ror":"https://ror.org/00bgk9508","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Alex Minetto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Telecommunications (DET), Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Turin, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0586-7151","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Telecommunications (DET), Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Turin, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074401924","display_name":"Fabio Dovis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6078-9099"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177477856","display_name":"Politecnico di Torino","ror":"https://ror.org/00bgk9508","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fabio Dovis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Telecommunications (DET), Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Turin, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6078-9099","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Telecommunications (DET), Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Turin, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050311566","display_name":"Emilio Banfi","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emilio Banfi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Italspazio S.r.l., San Giovanni La Punta, 95037 Catania, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Italspazio S.r.l., San Giovanni La Punta, 95037 Catania, Italy","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007297795","display_name":"Fabrizio Dominici","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8584-3071"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155299","display_name":"LINKS Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/059r3nh67","country_code":"IT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155299"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fabrizio Dominici","raw_affiliation_strings":["LINKS Foundation, 10138 Turin, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LINKS Foundation, 10138 Turin, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155299"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5007297795","https://openalex.org/A5043004019"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856","https://openalex.org/I4210155299"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":18.7901,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98856812,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"2","first_page":"508","last_page":"508"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10159","display_name":"Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics","score":0.9911999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9882000088691711,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.9193259477615356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spoofing-attack","display_name":"Spoofing attack","score":0.7468886375427246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.624169111251831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electromagnetic-interference","display_name":"Electromagnetic interference","score":0.5726433992385864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/snapshot","display_name":"Snapshot (computer storage)","score":0.5277122855186462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-defined-radio","display_name":"Software-defined radio","score":0.4250865578651428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.4008080065250397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3878800868988037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.3176761269569397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.14380070567131042}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.9193259477615356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167900197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11081100","display_name":"Spoofing attack","level":2,"score":0.7468886375427246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.624169111251831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184892835","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1474513","display_name":"Electromagnetic interference","level":2,"score":0.5726433992385864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55282118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q252683","display_name":"Snapshot (computer storage)","level":2,"score":0.5277122855186462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171115542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1331892","display_name":"Software-defined radio","level":2,"score":0.4250865578651428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.4008080065250397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3878800868988037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.3176761269569397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.14380070567131042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24020508","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24020508","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/2/508/pdf?version=1705144503","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38257601","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38257601","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10819834","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10819834","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10819834/pdf/sensors-24-00508.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c7c23b6e089c42ce9ce0e82e55d3f5af","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c7c23b6e089c42ce9ce0e82e55d3f5af","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 24, Iss 2, p 508 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24020508","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24020508","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/2/508/pdf?version=1705144503","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4390898332.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":59,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W158305529","https://openalex.org/W158956164","https://openalex.org/W1522302619","https://openalex.org/W1972449382","https://openalex.org/W1990939458","https://openalex.org/W1994686844","https://openalex.org/W2019817504","https://openalex.org/W2077252525","https://openalex.org/W2094875868","https://openalex.org/W2169118519","https://openalex.org/W2169159178","https://openalex.org/W2199883683","https://openalex.org/W2290053577","https://openalex.org/W2327737748","https://openalex.org/W2346154054","https://openalex.org/W2463813909","https://openalex.org/W2490820845","https://openalex.org/W2512340840","https://openalex.org/W2534802175","https://openalex.org/W2578736995","https://openalex.org/W2602502969","https://openalex.org/W2602679450","https://openalex.org/W2605943641","https://openalex.org/W2613909260","https://openalex.org/W2784746983","https://openalex.org/W2791499289","https://openalex.org/W2888610341","https://openalex.org/W2904289843","https://openalex.org/W2908269815","https://openalex.org/W2980217775","https://openalex.org/W2981830252","https://openalex.org/W2984928703","https://openalex.org/W2998478967","https://openalex.org/W3011399658","https://openalex.org/W3083997822","https://openalex.org/W3120411345","https://openalex.org/W3122406123","https://openalex.org/W3166719645","https://openalex.org/W3198988582","https://openalex.org/W3205853638","https://openalex.org/W3205884084","https://openalex.org/W4205339186","https://openalex.org/W4220901863","https://openalex.org/W4283274249","https://openalex.org/W4292117556","https://openalex.org/W4297549402","https://openalex.org/W4306925840","https://openalex.org/W4306940472","https://openalex.org/W4306940745","https://openalex.org/W4312214822","https://openalex.org/W4365790434","https://openalex.org/W4380052621","https://openalex.org/W4387401502","https://openalex.org/W6641051712","https://openalex.org/W6678000880","https://openalex.org/W6747755912","https://openalex.org/W6795778934","https://openalex.org/W6892742699","https://openalex.org/W7034660214"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3095455901","https://openalex.org/W4312670159","https://openalex.org/W3126564540","https://openalex.org/W2968223354","https://openalex.org/W3008363920","https://openalex.org/W2088717005","https://openalex.org/W3206448138","https://openalex.org/W4319430861","https://openalex.org/W3200530419","https://openalex.org/W4379876618"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,105],"disruptive":[1],"effect":[2],"of":[3,56,93,114,165,176],"radio":[4],"frequency":[5],"interference":[6],"(RFI)":[7],"on":[8,102],"global":[9],"navigation":[10],"satellite":[11],"system":[12,71],"(GNSS)":[13],"signals":[14,169],"is":[15,109],"well":[16],"known,":[17],"and":[18,47,59,75,83,119,128,150,167,178],"in":[19,162,174],"the":[20,48,54,91,94,112,116,120,122,124,129,135,139,151,163,183,188],"last":[21,49],"four":[22],"decades,":[23],"many":[24,57],"have":[25,35,52],"been":[26,36],"investigated":[27],"as":[28,39],"countermeasures.":[29],"Recently,":[30],"low-Earth":[31],"orbit":[32],"(LEO)":[33],"satellites":[34],"looked":[37],"at":[38],"a":[40,68,103],"good":[41],"opportunity":[42],"for":[43,85,144,154,187],"GNSS":[44,78],"RFI":[45,79,95,137,190],"monitoring,":[46],"five":[50],"years":[51],"seen":[53],"proliferation":[55],"commercial":[58],"academic":[60],"initiatives.":[61],"In":[62],"this":[63,65],"context,":[64],"paper":[66,89],"proposes":[67],"new":[69],"spaceborne":[70],"to":[72,99,181],"detect,":[73],"classify,":[74],"localize":[76],"terrestrial":[77],"signals,":[80],"particularly":[81,186],"jamming":[82,166],"spoofing,":[84],"civil":[86],"use.":[87],"This":[88],"presents":[90],"implementation":[92],"detection":[96,125,172],"software":[97],"module":[98],"be":[100],"hosted":[101],"nanosatellite.":[104],"whole":[106],"development":[107],"work":[108],"described,":[110],"including":[111],"selection":[113],"both":[115],"target":[117],"platform":[118],"algorithms,":[121],"implementation,":[123],"performance":[126],"evaluation,":[127],"computational":[130,184],"load":[131],"analysis.":[132],"Two":[133],"are":[134],"implemented":[136],"detectors:":[138],"chi-square":[140],"goodness-of-fit":[141],"(GoF)":[142],"algorithm":[143],"non-GNSS-like":[145],"interference,":[146,156],"e.g.,":[147,157],"chirp":[148],"jamming,":[149],"snapshot":[152],"acquisition":[153],"GNSS-like":[155],"spoofing.":[158],"Preliminary":[159],"testing":[160],"results":[161],"presence":[164],"spoofing":[168],"reveal":[170],"promising":[171],"capability":[173],"terms":[175],"sensitivity":[177],"highlight":[179],"room":[180],"optimize":[182],"load,":[185],"snapshot-acquisition-based":[189],"detector.":[191]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2024-01-16T00:00:00"}