{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4390267669","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24010155","title":"Ensemble Learning Framework for DDoS Detection in SDN-Based SCADA Systems","display_name":"Ensemble Learning Framework for DDoS Detection in SDN-Based SCADA Systems","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-12-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4390267669","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24010155","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38203015"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24010155","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24010155","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/1/155/pdf?version=1703674177","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/1/155/pdf?version=1703674177","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060134461","display_name":"Saadin Oyucu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3880-3039"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I198587356","display_name":"Ad\u0131yaman University","ror":"https://ror.org/02s4gkg68","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I198587356"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Saadin Oyucu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Ad\u0131yaman University, Ad\u0131yaman 02040, Turkey"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Ad\u0131yaman University, Ad\u0131yaman 02040, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I198587356"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042354008","display_name":"Onur Polat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9313-4910"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I147699246","display_name":"Bing\u00f6l University","ror":"https://ror.org/03hx84x94","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I147699246"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Onur Polat","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Bing\u00f6l University, Bing\u00f6l 12000, Turkey"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Bing\u00f6l University, Bing\u00f6l 12000, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I147699246"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077647596","display_name":"Muammer T\u00fcrko\u011flu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2377-4979"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115931","display_name":"Samsun University","ror":"https://ror.org/02brte405","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210115931"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muammer T\u00fcrko\u011flu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Software Engineering, Samsun University, Samsun 55000, Turkey"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software Engineering, Samsun University, Samsun 55000, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115931"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029891409","display_name":"H\u00fcseyin Polat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4128-2625"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95634034","display_name":"Gazi University","ror":"https://ror.org/054xkpr46","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95634034"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H\u00fcseyin Polat","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Gazi University, Ankara 06500, Turkey"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Gazi University, Ankara 06500, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95634034"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014783556","display_name":"Ahmet Aks\u00f6z","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2563-1218"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12700597","display_name":"Sivas Cumhuriyet \u00dcniversitesi","ror":"https://ror.org/04f81fm77","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12700597"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmet Aks\u00f6z","raw_affiliation_strings":["MOBILERS, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas 58000, Turkey"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MOBILERS, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas 58000, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12700597"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074031671","display_name":"Mehmet Tevfik A\u011eDA\u015e","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5608-6240"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I64925351","display_name":"Munzur University","ror":"https://ror.org/05v0p1f11","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I64925351"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mehmet Tevfik A\u011fda\u015f","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Technologies, Munzur University, Tunceli 62000, Turkey"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Technologies, Munzur University, Tunceli 62000, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I64925351"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5060134461"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I198587356"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":3.0514,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92102875,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"1","first_page":"155","last_page":"155"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scada","display_name":"SCADA","score":0.8658784627914429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/denial-of-service-attack","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","score":0.7161191701889038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6956191658973694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-defined-networking","display_name":"Software-defined networking","score":0.6160379648208618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection-system","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","score":0.46594297885894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.446582168340683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-tree","display_name":"Decision tree","score":0.44555097818374634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-detection","display_name":"Anomaly detection","score":0.42718690633773804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyber-physical-system","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","score":0.41814109683036804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.3962782919406891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3216944932937622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.2744675874710083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.24854472279548645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1811627447605133}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113863187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17498","display_name":"SCADA","level":2,"score":0.8658784627914429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38822068","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131406","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","level":3,"score":0.7161191701889038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6956191658973694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77270119","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1655198","display_name":"Software-defined networking","level":2,"score":0.6160379648208618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.46594297885894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.446582168340683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84525736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831366","display_name":"Decision tree","level":2,"score":0.44555097818374634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.42718690633773804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179768478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120057","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","level":2,"score":0.41814109683036804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3962782919406891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3216944932937622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.2744675874710083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.24854472279548645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1811627447605133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24010155","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24010155","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/1/155/pdf?version=1703674177","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38203015","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38203015","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10781350","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10781350","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10781350/pdf/sensors-24-00155.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:141c4d21f41d4050bb85033e7779a8ee","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/141c4d21f41d4050bb85033e7779a8ee","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 24, Iss 1, p 155 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24010155","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24010155","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/1/155/pdf?version=1703674177","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.5199999809265137,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4390267669.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1488270580","https://openalex.org/W2040340473","https://openalex.org/W2067453331","https://openalex.org/W2218112468","https://openalex.org/W2260771218","https://openalex.org/W2294605953","https://openalex.org/W2414633063","https://openalex.org/W2519428799","https://openalex.org/W2552631155","https://openalex.org/W2602516395","https://openalex.org/W2736616122","https://openalex.org/W2789758093","https://openalex.org/W2791315675","https://openalex.org/W2804946269","https://openalex.org/W2885128583","https://openalex.org/W2947451694","https://openalex.org/W2963136924","https://openalex.org/W2964289795","https://openalex.org/W2987085812","https://openalex.org/W2992832103","https://openalex.org/W3005065054","https://openalex.org/W3006912911","https://openalex.org/W3024596785","https://openalex.org/W3034338013","https://openalex.org/W3093410479","https://openalex.org/W3098576337","https://openalex.org/W3120251014","https://openalex.org/W3123306538","https://openalex.org/W3134614210","https://openalex.org/W3156026256","https://openalex.org/W3196299211","https://openalex.org/W3197053385","https://openalex.org/W3198928260","https://openalex.org/W3204555464","https://openalex.org/W3209760807","https://openalex.org/W4212990994","https://openalex.org/W4214893216","https://openalex.org/W4285006276","https://openalex.org/W4285092692","https://openalex.org/W4308322191","https://openalex.org/W4311724002","https://openalex.org/W4312058488","https://openalex.org/W4316661052","https://openalex.org/W4321354386","https://openalex.org/W4377225766","https://openalex.org/W4377691173","https://openalex.org/W4382010027","https://openalex.org/W4388498318","https://openalex.org/W6692628530","https://openalex.org/W6773595930","https://openalex.org/W6800517983"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2767068794","https://openalex.org/W2735897973","https://openalex.org/W3114854705","https://openalex.org/W4229489764","https://openalex.org/W3036366741","https://openalex.org/W3195575042","https://openalex.org/W2898113880","https://openalex.org/W2793567886","https://openalex.org/W3020967770","https://openalex.org/W4308272253"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Supervisory":[0],"Control":[1],"and":[2,13,22,40,47,64,86,142,189,195,202,221,249],"Data":[3],"Acquisition":[4],"(SCADA)":[5],"systems":[6,74,102,123,158,183],"play":[7],"a":[8,93,170,210,255],"crucial":[9],"role":[10],"in":[11,38,56,155,180],"overseeing":[12],"controlling":[14],"renewable":[15],"energy":[16,101,110,137],"sources":[17],"like":[18],"solar,":[19],"wind,":[20],"hydro,":[21],"geothermal":[23],"resources.":[24],"Nevertheless,":[25],"with":[26,75,108,261],"the":[27,69,80,114,134,147,197,228,231],"expansion":[28],"of":[29,71,82,113,118,127,136,230,243],"conventional":[30],"SCADA":[31,58,73,122,157,182,269],"network":[32,59,214],"infrastructures,":[33],"there":[34],"arise":[35],"significant":[36],"challenges":[37],"managing":[39],"scaling":[41,63],"due":[42],"to":[43,150,160,176,226,254],"increased":[44],"size,":[45],"complexity,":[46],"device":[48],"diversity.":[49],"Using":[50],"Software":[51],"Defined":[52],"Networking":[53],"(SDN)":[54],"technology":[55],"traditional":[57],"infrastructure":[60],"offers":[61],"management,":[62],"flexibility":[65],"benefits.":[66],"However,":[67],"as":[68,79],"integration":[70],"SDN-based":[72,121,156,181,268],"modern":[76],"technologies":[77],"such":[78],"Internet":[81],"Things,":[83],"cloud":[84],"computing,":[85],"big":[87],"data":[88,206],"analytics":[89],"increases,":[90],"cybersecurity":[91],"becomes":[92],"major":[94],"concern":[95],"for":[96],"these":[97],"systems.":[98,111,270],"Therefore,":[99,146],"cyber-physical":[100],"(CPES)":[103],"should":[104],"be":[105],"considered":[106],"together":[107],"all":[109],"One":[112],"most":[115],"dangerous":[116],"types":[117],"cyber-attacks":[119],"against":[120,152,267],"is":[124,159],"Distributed":[125],"Denial":[126],"Service":[128],"(DDoS)":[129],"attacks.":[130],"DDoS":[131,153,178,190,203,265],"attacks":[132,154,179,266],"disrupt":[133],"management":[135],"resources,":[138],"causing":[139],"service":[140],"interruptions":[141],"increasing":[143],"operational":[144],"costs.":[145],"first":[148],"step":[149],"protect":[151],"develop":[161],"an":[162],"effective":[163],"intrusion":[164],"detection":[165],"system.":[166],"This":[167],"paper":[168],"proposes":[169],"Decision":[171],"Tree-based":[172],"Ensemble":[173],"Learning":[174],"technique":[175],"detect":[177],"by":[184],"accurately":[185],"distinguishing":[186],"between":[187],"normal":[188,201],"attack":[191,204],"traffic.":[192],"For":[193],"training":[194],"testing":[196],"ensemble":[198,234,247],"learning":[199,259],"models,":[200,248],"traffic":[205],"are":[207,224],"obtained":[208],"over":[209],"specific":[211],"simulated":[212],"experimental":[213],"topology.":[215],"Techniques":[216],"based":[217],"on":[218],"feature":[219,240],"selection":[220],"hyperparameter":[222,250],"tuning":[223,251],"used":[225],"optimize":[227],"performance":[229,263],"decision":[232,245],"tree":[233,246],"models.":[235],"Experimental":[236],"results":[237],"show":[238],"that":[239],"selection,":[241],"combination":[242],"different":[244],"can":[252],"lead":[253],"more":[256],"accurate":[257],"machine":[258],"model":[260],"better":[262],"detecting":[264]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-03-12T08:34:05.389933","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
