{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4390058486","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24010050","title":"APM-YOLOv7 for Small-Target Water-Floating Garbage Detection Based on Multi-Scale Feature Adaptive Weighted Fusion","display_name":"APM-YOLOv7 for Small-Target Water-Floating Garbage Detection Based on Multi-Scale Feature Adaptive Weighted Fusion","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-12-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4390058486","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24010050","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38202912"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24010050","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24010050","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/1/50/pdf?version=1703150157","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/1/50/pdf?version=1703150157","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111966181","display_name":"Zhanjun Jiang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3133134087","display_name":"Lanzhou Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/03144pv92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3133134087"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhanjun Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3133134087"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113077748","display_name":"Baijing Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3133134087","display_name":"Lanzhou Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/03144pv92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3133134087"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Baijing Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3133134087"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031729638","display_name":"Long Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6692-1879"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3133134087","display_name":"Lanzhou Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/03144pv92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3133134087"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Long Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3133134087"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071778645","display_name":"Huawei Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5514-3357"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3133134087","display_name":"Lanzhou Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/03144pv92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3133134087"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huawei Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3133134087"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101846162","display_name":"Jing Lian","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3133134087","display_name":"Lanzhou Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/03144pv92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3133134087"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jing Lian","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3133134087"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5113077748"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3133134087"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.9434,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88626682,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"1","first_page":"50","last_page":"50"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11667","display_name":"Advanced Chemical Sensor Technologies","score":0.9722999930381775,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9686999917030334,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6785165071487427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/garbage","display_name":"Garbage","score":0.6471044421195984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5133756399154663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/garbage-collection","display_name":"Garbage collection","score":0.4940791428089142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.4865502417087555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.47089675068855286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolution","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","score":0.47043582797050476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.43026354908943176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.42725786566734314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.40363526344299316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3784337639808655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3609592318534851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.1683771014213562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.06933152675628662}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6785165071487427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75403996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5521979","display_name":"Garbage","level":2,"score":0.6471044421195984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5133756399154663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105122174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q322202","display_name":"Garbage collection","level":3,"score":0.4940791428089142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.4865502417087555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.47089675068855286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45347329","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5166604","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","level":3,"score":0.47043582797050476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.43026354908943176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.42725786566734314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.40363526344299316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3784337639808655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3609592318534851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.1683771014213562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.06933152675628662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24010050","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24010050","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/1/50/pdf?version=1703150157","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38202912","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38202912","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10780776","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10780776","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10780776/pdf/sensors-24-00050.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b476e77fe3f949bb835b633843acd1d1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b476e77fe3f949bb835b633843acd1d1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 24, Iss 1, p 50 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24010050","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24010050","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/1/50/pdf?version=1703150157","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7099999785423279,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6","display_name":"Clean water and sanitation"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4390058486.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4390058486.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1536680647","https://openalex.org/W2106097225","https://openalex.org/W2334297625","https://openalex.org/W2899607431","https://openalex.org/W2943407549","https://openalex.org/W2946794439","https://openalex.org/W2963058975","https://openalex.org/W3005363112","https://openalex.org/W3131349494","https://openalex.org/W3156606420","https://openalex.org/W3180746471","https://openalex.org/W3197424690","https://openalex.org/W3204885083","https://openalex.org/W4205275628","https://openalex.org/W4280526090","https://openalex.org/W4281259653","https://openalex.org/W4283726963","https://openalex.org/W4287878582","https://openalex.org/W4293062810","https://openalex.org/W4297905664","https://openalex.org/W4304128598","https://openalex.org/W4308379969","https://openalex.org/W4308627565","https://openalex.org/W4312617484","https://openalex.org/W4313559105","https://openalex.org/W4319336644","https://openalex.org/W4321374253","https://openalex.org/W4328126015","https://openalex.org/W4360616603","https://openalex.org/W4365453794","https://openalex.org/W4367016336","https://openalex.org/W4376616657","https://openalex.org/W4377195798","https://openalex.org/W4384203519","https://openalex.org/W4384636555","https://openalex.org/W4385219075","https://openalex.org/W4385873231","https://openalex.org/W4386047745","https://openalex.org/W4386076325","https://openalex.org/W4387140606","https://openalex.org/W4389204543","https://openalex.org/W6803003410","https://openalex.org/W6805527952"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2132258996","https://openalex.org/W2245694847","https://openalex.org/W4387773637","https://openalex.org/W4381304378","https://openalex.org/W2188602196","https://openalex.org/W3174776489","https://openalex.org/W1700460898","https://openalex.org/W4297378365","https://openalex.org/W2808342711","https://openalex.org/W3127149756"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"affected":[1],"by":[2,182,190,196],"limited":[3],"information":[4,63],"and":[5,39,74,92,151,192,206,211],"the":[6,9,20,45,60,65,71,78,85,93,104,109,114,124,127,163,166,170,173,202,216],"complex":[7,66,72],"background,":[8,67],"accuracy":[10,168],"of":[11,70,80,113,126,148,172,178,185,199,204,219],"small-target":[12,27,81,131,149],"water-floating":[13,82,119,208,220],"garbage":[14,150,209],"detection":[15,21,28,154,167,210],"is":[16,42,56,90,101,142],"low.":[17],"To":[18],"increase":[19],"accuracy,":[22],"in":[23,103,130,169],"this":[24],"research,":[25],"a":[26,133],"method":[29],"based":[30],"on":[31],"APM-YOLOv7":[32,179],"(the":[33],"improved":[34,181,189,195],"YOLOv7":[35,105,128],"with":[36,162],"ACanny":[37,48],"PConv-ELAN":[38],"MGA":[40],"attention)":[41],"proposed.":[43],"Firstly,":[44],"adaptive":[46,138],"algorithm":[47],"(adaptive":[49],"Canny)":[50],"for":[51,137,215],"river":[52,61],"channel":[53,62],"outline":[54],"extraction":[55,111],"proposed":[57],"to":[58,107],"extract":[59],"from":[64,116],"mitigating":[68],"interference":[69],"background":[73],"more":[75],"accurately":[76],"extracting":[77],"features":[79,147],"garbage.":[83,120,221],"Secondly,":[84],"lightweight":[86],"partial":[87,94],"convolution":[88],"(PConv)":[89],"introduced,":[91],"convolution-efficient":[95],"layer":[96],"aggregation":[97],"network":[98,106,129],"module":[99],"(PConv-ELAN)":[100],"designed":[102],"improve":[108],"feature":[110],"capability":[112],"model":[115],"morphologically":[117],"variable":[118],"Finally,":[121],"after":[122],"analyzing":[123],"limitations":[125],"detection,":[132],"multi-scale":[134],"gated":[135],"attention":[136],"weight":[139],"allocation":[140],"(MGA)":[141],"put":[143],"forward,":[144],"which":[145,200],"highlights":[146],"decreases":[152],"missed":[153],"probability.":[155],"The":[156],"experimental":[157],"results":[158],"showed":[159],"that":[160,184],"compared":[161],"benchmark":[164],"YOLOv7,":[165],"form":[171],"mean":[174],"Average":[175],"Precision":[176],"(mAP)":[177],"was":[180,188,194],"7.02%,":[183],"mmAP":[186],"(mAP0.5:0.95)":[187],"3.91%,":[191],"Recall":[193],"11.82%,":[197],"all":[198],"meet":[201],"requirements":[203],"high-precision":[205],"real-time":[207],"provide":[212],"reliable":[213],"reference":[214],"intelligent":[217],"management":[218]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}