{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4389542903","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23249763","title":"Visualization with Prediction Scheme for Early DDoS Detection in Ethereum","display_name":"Visualization with Prediction Scheme for Early DDoS Detection in Ethereum","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-12-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4389542903","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23249763","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38139609"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23249763","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23249763","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/24/9763/pdf?version=1702304581","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/24/9763/pdf?version=1702304581","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101968606","display_name":"Young-Hoon Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2506-4898"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31766871","display_name":"Sookmyung Women's University","ror":"https://ror.org/00vvvt117","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31766871"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Younghoon Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Computer Science, Sookmyung Women\u2019s University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2506-4898","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Computer Science, Sookmyung Women\u2019s University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31766871"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001665333","display_name":"Yejin Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4867-5851"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31766871","display_name":"Sookmyung Women's University","ror":"https://ror.org/00vvvt117","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31766871"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yejin Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Computer Science, Sookmyung Women\u2019s University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4867-5851","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Computer Science, Sookmyung Women\u2019s University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31766871"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101968606"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31766871"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.3902,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.63773945,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"24","first_page":"9763","last_page":"9763"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10064","display_name":"Complex Network Analysis Techniques","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/denial-of-service-attack","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","score":0.8985190391540527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.7984636425971985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7543940544128418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.6616154909133911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.5762194395065308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/application-layer-ddos-attack","display_name":"Application layer DDoS attack","score":0.5336986780166626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5331135988235474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trinoo","display_name":"Trinoo","score":0.5066493153572083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proof-of-work-system","display_name":"Proof-of-work system","score":0.4758691191673279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3138730525970459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.21567609906196594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.09071338176727295}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38822068","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131406","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","level":3,"score":0.8985190391540527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.7984636425971985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7543940544128418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.6616154909133911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5762194395065308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120865594","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131406","display_name":"Application layer DDoS attack","level":4,"score":0.5336986780166626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5331135988235474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43639116","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7843050","display_name":"Trinoo","level":5,"score":0.5066493153572083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123436394","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7249984","display_name":"Proof-of-work system","level":3,"score":0.4758691191673279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3138730525970459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.21567609906196594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.09071338176727295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23249763","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23249763","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/24/9763/pdf?version=1702304581","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38139609","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38139609","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10746988","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10746988","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10746988/pdf/sensors-23-09763.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c88ef371e61b41f496a7b5b5e4b1b1ec","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c88ef371e61b41f496a7b5b5e4b1b1ec","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 24, p 9763 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23249763","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23249763","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/24/9763/pdf?version=1702304581","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G935220339","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RS-2022-00207391","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","funder_display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion","ror":"https://ror.org/01g0hqq23"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4389542903.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2283695185","https://openalex.org/W2468345220","https://openalex.org/W2478999334","https://openalex.org/W2575586731","https://openalex.org/W2598139937","https://openalex.org/W2604122668","https://openalex.org/W2753539327","https://openalex.org/W2753880442","https://openalex.org/W2765860591","https://openalex.org/W2808656506","https://openalex.org/W2897961228","https://openalex.org/W2907683311","https://openalex.org/W2930871722","https://openalex.org/W2957199171","https://openalex.org/W2963129815","https://openalex.org/W2964139938","https://openalex.org/W2983833474","https://openalex.org/W2998117370","https://openalex.org/W3110705828","https://openalex.org/W3117672440","https://openalex.org/W3137531630","https://openalex.org/W3153412565","https://openalex.org/W3189500734","https://openalex.org/W3197269617","https://openalex.org/W4206909123","https://openalex.org/W4281809561","https://openalex.org/W4285597224","https://openalex.org/W4300843647","https://openalex.org/W4317200811","https://openalex.org/W6807225096"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2783466926","https://openalex.org/W4286539397","https://openalex.org/W1968168724","https://openalex.org/W2204131204","https://openalex.org/W4385302085","https://openalex.org/W2754163055","https://openalex.org/W4256682929","https://openalex.org/W4322008378","https://openalex.org/W2383770723","https://openalex.org/W2186749541"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Blockchain":[0],"technologies":[1],"have":[2,27,85],"gained":[3],"widespread":[4],"use":[5],"in":[6],"security-sensitive":[7],"applications":[8,192],"due":[9],"to":[10,67,69,93,160,193],"their":[11],"robust":[12],"data":[13,23],"protection.":[14],"However,":[15,88],"as":[16],"blockchains":[17],"are":[18,46],"increasingly":[19],"integrated":[20],"into":[21],"critical":[22],"management":[24],"systems,":[25,39],"they":[26,99],"become":[28],"attractive":[29],"targets":[30],"for":[31],"attackers.":[32],"Among":[33],"the":[34,49,58,65,74,156],"various":[35],"attacks":[36,45,56,79,181,198],"on":[37,80],"blockchain":[38,66,142,176],"distributed":[40],"denial":[41],"of":[42,48,61,76,158,190],"service":[43],"(DDoS)":[44],"one":[47],"most":[50],"significant":[51],"and":[52,104,122,178,195],"potentially":[53],"devastating.":[54],"These":[55],"render":[57],"systems":[59],"incapable":[60],"processing":[62],"transactions,":[63],"causing":[64],"come":[68],"a":[70,113],"halt.":[71],"To":[72],"address":[73],"challenge":[75],"detecting":[77],"DDoS":[78,96,149,180,197],"blockchains,":[81],"existing":[82],"visualization":[83,115],"schemes":[84,90],"been":[86],"developed.":[87],"these":[89,134],"often":[91],"fail":[92],"provide":[94],"early":[95],"detection":[97,150],"since":[98],"typically":[100],"display":[101],"only":[102,119],"past":[103,121],"current":[105,123],"system":[106,130,188],"status.":[107],"In":[108],"this":[109],"paper,":[110],"we":[111,145,166],"present":[112],"novel":[114],"scheme":[116,171],"that":[117,168],"not":[118],"portrays":[120],"values":[124],"but":[125],"also":[126],"forecasts":[127],"future":[128,135,175],"expected":[129],"statuses.":[131],"We":[132],"achieve":[133],"predictions":[136],"by":[137],"utilizing":[138],"polynomial":[139],"regression":[140],"with":[141,182],"data.":[143],"Additionally,":[144],"offer":[146],"an":[147,200],"alternative":[148],"method":[151],"employing":[152],"statistical":[153],"analysis,":[154],"specifically":[155],"coefficient":[157],"determination,":[159],"enhance":[161],"accuracy.":[162],"Through":[163],"our":[164,169],"experiments,":[165],"demonstrate":[167],"proposed":[170],"excels":[172],"at":[173,199],"predicting":[174],"statuses":[177],"anticipating":[179],"minimal":[183],"error.":[184],"Our":[185],"work":[186],"empowers":[187],"managers":[189],"blockchain-based":[191],"identify":[194],"mitigate":[196],"earlier":[201],"stage.":[202]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}