{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4389544482","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23249751","title":"Enhancing the Localization Accuracy of UAV Images under GNSS Denial Conditions","display_name":"Enhancing the Localization Accuracy of UAV Images under GNSS Denial Conditions","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-12-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4389544482","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23249751","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38139597"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23249751","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23249751","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/24/9751/pdf?version=1702280400","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/24/9751/pdf?version=1702280400","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058267936","display_name":"Han Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1633-6652"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169689159","display_name":"PLA Information Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mm1qk40","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Han Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["31016 Troops, Beijing 100088, China","School of Geospatial Information, Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"31016 Troops, Beijing 100088, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geospatial Information, Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100451632","display_name":"Ying Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7840-9891"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169689159","display_name":"PLA Information Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mm1qk40","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ying Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geospatial Information, Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geospatial Information, Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100565926","display_name":"Xiao Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1397-6821"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiao Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["61175 Troops, Nanjing 210049, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"61175 Troops, Nanjing 210049, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109298188","display_name":"Liang Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4790-036X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169689159","display_name":"PLA Information Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mm1qk40","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liang Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geospatial Information, Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geospatial Information, Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100361143","display_name":"Li Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3515-7353"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169689159","display_name":"PLA Information Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mm1qk40","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geospatial Information, Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geospatial Information, Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100440300","display_name":"Lei Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2929-0828"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169689159","display_name":"PLA Information Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mm1qk40","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geospatial Information, Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geospatial Information, Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100731323","display_name":"Lei Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5797-5480"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169689159","display_name":"PLA Information Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mm1qk40","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geospatial Information, Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geospatial Information, Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100451632"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":10.2718,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97596474,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"24","first_page":"9751","last_page":"9751"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10191","display_name":"Robotics and Sensor-Based Localization","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10191","display_name":"Robotics and Sensor-Based Localization","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11211","display_name":"3D Surveying and Cultural Heritage","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7953276634216309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7513735294342041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.737876296043396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.7027960419654846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ransac","display_name":"RANSAC","score":0.6080636978149414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.5228431820869446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/similarity","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","score":0.4943094253540039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matching","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","score":0.42188718914985657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-truth","display_name":"Ground truth","score":0.4165210425853729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.389944851398468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.3724880814552307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3391072154045105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.12758812308311462}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7953276634216309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7513735294342041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.737876296043396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.7027960419654846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114744707","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q218533","display_name":"RANSAC","level":3,"score":0.6080636978149414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.5228431820869446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.4943094253540039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.42188718914985657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146849305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370766","display_name":"Ground truth","level":2,"score":0.4165210425853729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.389944851398468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.3724880814552307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3391072154045105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.12758812308311462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23249751","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23249751","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/24/9751/pdf?version=1702280400","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38139597","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38139597","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10748372","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10748372","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10748372/pdf/sensors-23-09751.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2c26b3874e9a4a1b9da4ab517bc48d72","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2c26b3874e9a4a1b9da4ab517bc48d72","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 24, p 9751 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23249751","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23249751","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/24/9751/pdf?version=1702280400","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1452172099","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42071340","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G736076830","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"221100211000-01","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4389544482.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W103231290","https://openalex.org/W2030233188","https://openalex.org/W2060303868","https://openalex.org/W2067170667","https://openalex.org/W2069209512","https://openalex.org/W2167822998","https://openalex.org/W2290947383","https://openalex.org/W2295928158","https://openalex.org/W2418957160","https://openalex.org/W2560216485","https://openalex.org/W2750821233","https://openalex.org/W2762576911","https://openalex.org/W2937946025","https://openalex.org/W2948885776","https://openalex.org/W2968394312","https://openalex.org/W3017123485","https://openalex.org/W3043075211","https://openalex.org/W3126566490","https://openalex.org/W3130567206","https://openalex.org/W3134221894","https://openalex.org/W3166148807","https://openalex.org/W4283025071","https://openalex.org/W6683411478"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2131378265","https://openalex.org/W2984240274","https://openalex.org/W2981196697","https://openalex.org/W3012182724","https://openalex.org/W2115876589","https://openalex.org/W1988708904","https://openalex.org/W2091196744","https://openalex.org/W3083084699","https://openalex.org/W2039208430","https://openalex.org/W4387404124"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Unmanned":[0],"aerial":[1],"vehicles":[2],"(UAVs)":[3],"are":[4],"widely":[5],"used":[6],"in":[7,34],"many":[8],"industries.":[9],"The":[10,55,132],"use":[11],"of":[12,28,52,57,67,147,159,177,183],"UAV":[13,29,53,68,74,98,148,185],"images":[14,20,75,104,149],"for":[15,125],"surveying":[16],"requires":[17],"that":[18,155],"the":[19,26,49,95,144,156,180,184],"contain":[21],"high-precision":[22,126],"localization":[23,30,50,70,86,145,187],"information.":[24],"However,":[25],"accuracy":[27,51,146],"can":[31,63],"be":[32],"compromised":[33],"complex":[35],"GNSS":[36],"environments.":[37],"To":[38],"address":[39],"this":[40,42,142,160],"challenge,":[41],"study":[43],"proposed":[44],"a":[45,113,170,175],"scheme":[46],"to":[47,107,137,190],"improve":[48],"sequences.":[54],"combination":[56],"traditional":[58],"and":[59,85,121,130],"deep":[60,114],"learning":[61,115],"methods":[62],"achieve":[64],"rapid":[65],"improvement":[66],"image":[69,83,116,173],"accuracy.":[71],"Initially,":[72],"individual":[73],"with":[76,174],"high":[77],"similarity":[78],"were":[79,105,162],"selected":[80,106],"using":[81,169],"an":[82],"retrieval":[84],"method":[87,188],"based":[88,93],"on":[89,94],"cosine":[90],"similarity.":[91],"Further,":[92],"relationships":[96],"among":[97],"sequence":[99,103],"images,":[100],"short":[101],"strip":[102],"facilitate":[108],"approximate":[109],"location":[110],"retrieval.":[111],"Subsequently,":[112],"registration":[117],"network,":[118],"combining":[119],"SuperPoint":[120],"SuperGlue,":[122],"was":[123,135,150],"employed":[124],"feature":[127],"point":[128],"extraction":[129],"matching.":[131],"RANSAC":[133],"algorithm":[134],"applied":[136],"eliminate":[138],"mismatched":[139],"points.":[140],"In":[141],"way,":[143],"improved.":[151],"Experimental":[152],"results":[153],"demonstrate":[154],"mean":[157,181],"errors":[158],"approach":[161],"all":[163],"within":[164],"2":[165],"pixels.":[166],"Specifically,":[167],"when":[168],"satellite":[171],"reference":[172],"resolution":[176],"0.30":[178],"m/pixel,":[179],"error":[182],"ground":[186],"reduced":[189],"0.356":[191],"m.":[192]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-05-26T13:28:51.108037","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
