{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4389440176","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23249665","title":"Social Distance Approximation on Public Transport Using Stereo Depth Camera and Passenger Pose Estimation","display_name":"Social Distance Approximation on Public Transport Using Stereo Depth Camera and Passenger Pose Estimation","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-12-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4389440176","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23249665","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38139510"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23249665","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23249665","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/24/9665/pdf?version=1701928888","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/24/9665/pdf?version=1701928888","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104209872","display_name":"Daniel Steven Bell","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84884186","display_name":"Newcastle University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kj2bm70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Steven Bell","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019843205","display_name":"Philip James","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9248-0280"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84884186","display_name":"Newcastle University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kj2bm70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Philip James","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087520236","display_name":"Mart\u00edn L\u00f3pez\u2010Garc\u00eda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3833-8595"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130828816","display_name":"University of Leeds","ror":"https://ror.org/024mrxd33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mart\u00edn L\u00f3pez-Garc\u00eda","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mathematics, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3833-8595","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematics, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5104209872"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.1113,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.43249052,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"24","first_page":"9665","last_page":"9665"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.991100013256073,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.991100013256073,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11963","display_name":"Impact of Light on Environment and Health","score":0.9735999703407288,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11692","display_name":"Noise Effects and Management","score":0.9415000081062317,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3616","display_name":"Speech and Hearing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-distance","display_name":"Social distance","score":0.8779197931289673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-transport","display_name":"Public transport","score":0.7986574172973633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5265179872512817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distancing","display_name":"Distancing","score":0.5098575949668884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.48513516783714294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/passenger-information","display_name":"Passenger information","score":0.4440740644931793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transport-engineering","display_name":"Transport engineering","score":0.42226988077163696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3502371311187744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.3458919823169708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.34452033042907715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coronavirus-disease-2019","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","score":0.2195817232131958}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172656115","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2142613","display_name":"Social distance","level":5,"score":0.8779197931289673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539828613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178512","display_name":"Public transport","level":2,"score":0.7986574172973633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5265179872512817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31957729","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282877","display_name":"Distancing","level":5,"score":0.5098575949668884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.48513516783714294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778492718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1608217","display_name":"Passenger information","level":3,"score":0.4440740644931793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.42226988077163696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3502371311187744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.3458919823169708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.34452033042907715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.2195817232131958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000085762","descriptor_name":"Physical Distancing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000085762","descriptor_name":"Physical Distancing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000085762","descriptor_name":"Physical Distancing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014186","descriptor_name":"Transportation","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014186","descriptor_name":"Transportation","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014186","descriptor_name":"Transportation","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D058873","descriptor_name":"Pandemics","qualifier_ui":"Q000517","qualifier_name":"prevention & control","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D058873","descriptor_name":"Pandemics","qualifier_ui":"Q000517","qualifier_name":"prevention & control","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D058873","descriptor_name":"Pandemics","qualifier_ui":"Q000517","qualifier_name":"prevention & control","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23249665","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23249665","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/24/9665/pdf?version=1701928888","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38139510","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38139510","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:206954","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":"https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/206954/7/sensors-23-09665.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400854","display_name":"White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2800616092","host_organization_name":"White Rose University Consortium","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800616092"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10748158","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10748158","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10748158/pdf/sensors-23-09665.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:dd18eafe33ec45f3ac66affccf08b216","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/dd18eafe33ec45f3ac66affccf08b216","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 24, p 9665 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23249665","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23249665","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/24/9665/pdf?version=1701928888","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6899999976158142,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1359818950","display_name":"TRACK: Transport Risk Assessment for COVID Knowledge","funder_award_id":"EP/V032658/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G486749295","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/R013411/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5551094834","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/P016782/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6812792032","display_name":"UK Collaboratorium for Research in Infrastructure & Cities: Urban Observatories (Strand B)","funder_award_id":"EP/P016782/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4389440176.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1492598612","https://openalex.org/W1973790193","https://openalex.org/W2152701363","https://openalex.org/W2413990308","https://openalex.org/W2772576710","https://openalex.org/W2905765034","https://openalex.org/W2921947696","https://openalex.org/W2960534314","https://openalex.org/W2980434863","https://openalex.org/W3032742287","https://openalex.org/W3049092988","https://openalex.org/W3080824426","https://openalex.org/W3082962190","https://openalex.org/W3093349865","https://openalex.org/W3103847889","https://openalex.org/W3124462956","https://openalex.org/W3126335702","https://openalex.org/W3172025557","https://openalex.org/W3206636223","https://openalex.org/W3211302483","https://openalex.org/W4210914511","https://openalex.org/W4281713101","https://openalex.org/W4311509001","https://openalex.org/W4362694031","https://openalex.org/W6643650250"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3034165649","https://openalex.org/W3022812738","https://openalex.org/W4405996572","https://openalex.org/W3206267557","https://openalex.org/W3135225779","https://openalex.org/W4396933035","https://openalex.org/W4231302758","https://openalex.org/W3195503335","https://openalex.org/W3123375363","https://openalex.org/W4232857257"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"order":[1],"to":[2,21,29,58,80,91,205],"effectively":[3],"balance":[4],"enforced":[5],"guidance/regulation":[6],"during":[7],"a":[8,74,78,112,132,175,184,207],"pandemic":[9],"and":[10,24,31,35,85,131,168,187,193,200],"limit":[11],"infection":[12],"transmission,":[13],"with":[14,116],"the":[15,51,197,211],"necessity":[16],"for":[17,108,153,162,210],"public":[18,46,75,104],"transportation":[19],"services":[20],"remain":[22],"safe":[23],"operational,":[25],"it":[26],"is":[27,71,106,155],"imperative":[28],"understand":[30],"monitor":[32],"environmental":[33],"conditions":[34],"typical":[36,163],"behavioural":[37],"patterns":[38],"within":[39,122,137],"such":[40],"spaces.":[41],"Social":[42],"distancing":[43,83,99],"ability":[44],"on":[45,73,100],"transport":[47,105],"as":[48,50,77,170,172],"well":[49,171],"use":[52],"of":[53,103,120,135,166,190],"advanced":[54],"computer":[55],"vision":[56],"techniques":[57],"accurately":[59],"measure":[60],"this":[61,65,101],"are":[62,177],"explored":[63],"in":[64,89,149],"paper.":[66],"A":[67],"low-cost":[68],"depth-sensing":[69],"system":[70],"deployed":[72],"bus":[76],"means":[79],"approximate":[81],"social":[82,92,98],"measures":[84],"study":[86],"passenger":[87,130,144],"habits":[88],"relation":[90],"distancing.":[93],"The":[94],"results":[95],"indicate":[96],"that":[97,161],"form":[102],"unlikely":[107],"an":[109,117],"individual":[110],"beyond":[111],"28%":[113],"occupancy":[114],"threshold,":[115],"89%":[118],"chance":[119,134],"being":[121,136],"1-2":[123],"m":[124],"from":[125,142],"at":[126,145],"least":[127],"one":[128,140,147],"other":[129],"57%":[133],"less":[138],"than":[139],"metre":[141],"another":[143],"any":[146],"point":[148],"time.":[150],"Passenger":[151],"preference":[152],"seating":[154],"also":[156,203],"analysed,":[157],"which":[158],"clearly":[159],"demonstrates":[160],"passengers,":[164],"ease":[165],"access":[167],"comfort,":[169],"seats":[173],"having":[174],"view,":[176],"preferred":[178],"over":[179],"maximising":[180],"social-distancing":[181],"measures.":[182],"With":[183],"highly":[185],"detailed":[186],"comprehensive":[188],"set":[189],"acquired":[191],"data":[192],"accurate":[194],"measurement":[195],"capability,":[196],"employed":[198],"equipment":[199],"processing":[201],"methodology":[202],"prove":[204],"be":[206],"robust":[208],"approach":[209],"application.":[212]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-24T13:16:06.693445","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}