{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4389304552","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23239612","title":"Analog Convolutional Operator Circuit for Low-Power Mixed-Signal CNN Processing Chip","display_name":"Analog Convolutional Operator Circuit for Low-Power Mixed-Signal CNN Processing Chip","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-12-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4389304552","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23239612","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38067984"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23239612","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23239612","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/23/9612/pdf?version=1701699121","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/23/9612/pdf?version=1701699121","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016015471","display_name":"Malik Summair Asghar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1313-2419"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I163753206","display_name":"Chungbuk National University","ror":"https://ror.org/02wnxgj78","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I163753206"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3131573596","display_name":"Abbottabad University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0549hdw45","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3131573596"]}],"countries":["KR","PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Malik Summair Asghar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, University Road, Tobe Camp, Abbottabad 22044, Pakistan","Department of Electronics, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, University Road, Tobe Camp, Abbottabad 22044, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3131573596","https://openalex.org/I16076960"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163753206"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045397107","display_name":"Saad Arslan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4038-462X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saad Arslan","raw_affiliation_strings":["TSY Design (Pvt.) Ltd., Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4038-462X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"TSY Design (Pvt.) Ltd., Islamabad 44000, Pakistan","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032247984","display_name":"HyungWon Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2602-2075"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I163753206","display_name":"Chungbuk National University","ror":"https://ror.org/02wnxgj78","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I163753206"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"HyungWon Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2602-2075","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163753206"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5032247984"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163753206"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.7477,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71639989,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"23","first_page":"9612","last_page":"9612"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13182","display_name":"Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9944000244140625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5879712700843811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.5649378299713135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mixed-signal-integrated-circuit","display_name":"Mixed-signal integrated circuit","score":0.5614076256752014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-processing","display_name":"Signal processing","score":0.5410363674163818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operator","display_name":"Operator (biology)","score":0.5368396043777466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chip","display_name":"Chip","score":0.5198681354522705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/analog-signal-processing","display_name":"Analog signal processing","score":0.4503282308578491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.4474831819534302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.4413532018661499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.4291788935661316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.40384143590927124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-signal-processing","display_name":"Digital signal processing","score":0.29163533449172974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.27727019786834717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-circuit","display_name":"Electronic circuit","score":0.26967760920524597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.23321855068206787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.22350099682807922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.1194782555103302}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5879712700843811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5649378299713135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62907940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1541329","display_name":"Mixed-signal integrated circuit","level":3,"score":0.5614076256752014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.5410363674163818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17020691","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q139677","display_name":"Operator (biology)","level":5,"score":0.5368396043777466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165005293","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074500","display_name":"Chip","level":2,"score":0.5198681354522705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C379707","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2328303","display_name":"Analog signal processing","level":4,"score":0.4503282308578491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.4474831819534302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.4413532018661499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.4291788935661316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.40384143590927124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84462506","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173142","display_name":"Digital signal processing","level":2,"score":0.29163533449172974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.27727019786834717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134146338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1815901","display_name":"Electronic circuit","level":2,"score":0.26967760920524597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.23321855068206787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.22350099682807922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.1194782555103302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158448853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q425218","display_name":"Repressor","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86339819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q407384","display_name":"Transcription factor","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23239612","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23239612","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/23/9612/pdf?version=1701699121","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38067984","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38067984","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10708624","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10708624","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10708624/pdf/sensors-23-09612.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:de1bb8bf982b45dca11dc53ad82b9e0d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/de1bb8bf982b45dca11dc53ad82b9e0d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 23, p 9612 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23239612","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23239612","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/23/9612/pdf?version=1701699121","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8999999761581421,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1917921091","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020-0-01462","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","funder_display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2558745147","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020M3H2A1076786","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2562327577","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020-0-01077","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","funder_display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4214719774","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022R1A5A8026986","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4545665711","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020M3H2A1076786","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6136038349","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020-0-01304","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","funder_display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6249767719","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IITP-2020-0-01426","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6671889680","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020M3H2A1076786","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7118284080","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021R1F1A1061314","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7131851689","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020M3H2A1076786","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","funder_display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8446182298","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IITP-2023-2020-0-01462","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G852801200","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020-0-01304","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8790055252","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020-0-01304","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G938309455","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IITP-2023-2020-0-01462","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","funder_display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/01wpjm123"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion","ror":"https://ror.org/01g0hqq23"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4389304552.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2079533562","https://openalex.org/W2101758628","https://openalex.org/W2792431356","https://openalex.org/W2895580425","https://openalex.org/W2906048113","https://openalex.org/W2921398341","https://openalex.org/W2929321329","https://openalex.org/W2942935818","https://openalex.org/W2978158277","https://openalex.org/W2978865499","https://openalex.org/W2990670055","https://openalex.org/W2998926001","https://openalex.org/W3000025147","https://openalex.org/W3032089072","https://openalex.org/W4244024631","https://openalex.org/W4280533641","https://openalex.org/W4308652026","https://openalex.org/W4362014461","https://openalex.org/W4383912308","https://openalex.org/W4386368627","https://openalex.org/W6851841966","https://openalex.org/W6856302021"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W69419317","https://openalex.org/W2021671109","https://openalex.org/W1591963733","https://openalex.org/W2053914166","https://openalex.org/W4210925376","https://openalex.org/W3097613282","https://openalex.org/W2784010691","https://openalex.org/W2136192029","https://openalex.org/W4313444376","https://openalex.org/W2057026853"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,160],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"we":[3,198],"propose":[4,176],"a":[5,67,102,131,166,200,214,242,249,283,313],"compact":[6],"and":[7,25,54,80,97,115,139,153,228,255,275,305],"low-power":[8,72,89],"mixed-signal":[9,85,195,235,265],"approach":[10],"to":[11,120,170,301,332],"implementing":[12],"convolutional":[13,36,52,86,126,144,150,163,196,208,299,310,320],"operators":[14,37,300],"that":[15,50,181],"are":[16,46],"often":[17],"responsible":[18],"for":[19,70],"most":[20],"of":[21,28,39,58,63,133,142,192,205,252,260,273,279,307,312],"the":[22,47,106,143,149,155,162,184,190,193,303,317],"chip":[23,203,220,238,268,293],"area":[24,81,251,271],"power":[26,79,117,259],"consumption":[27,118],"Convolutional":[29],"Neural":[30],"Network":[31],"(CNN)":[32],"processing":[33,74,202,213,237,267,287,292],"chips.":[34],"The":[35,83,124,234,263],"consist":[38],"several":[40],"multiply-and-accumulate":[41],"(MAC)":[42],"units.":[43],"MAC":[44,64,173,223],"units":[45,65],"primary":[48],"components":[49],"process":[51,171],"layers":[53,57],"fully":[55],"connected":[56],"CNN":[59,73,201,236,266,286,291,314,327],"models.":[60],"Analog":[61],"implementation":[62],"opens":[66],"new":[68],"paradigm":[69],"realizing":[71],"chips,":[75],"benefiting":[76],"from":[77,110],"less":[78],"consumption.":[82],"proposed":[84,107,125,194,264,318],"operator":[87,127,164,212,321],"comprises":[88],"binary-weighted":[90,104],"current":[91],"steering":[92],"digital-to-analog":[93],"conversion":[94,231],"(DAC)":[95],"circuits":[96],"accumulation":[98],"capacitors.":[99,159],"Compared":[100],"with":[101,210,282,296],"conventional":[103,284],"DAC,":[105],"circuit":[108,180],"benefits":[109],"optimum":[111],"accuracy,":[112],"smaller":[113],"area,":[114],"lower":[116],"due":[119],"its":[121],"symmetric":[122],"design.":[123],"takes":[128],"as":[129,329],"input":[130,136,186],"set":[132],"9-bit":[134],"digital":[135,285,333],"feature":[137],"data":[138],"weight":[140],"parameters":[141],"filter.":[145],"It":[146],"then":[147],"calculates":[148],"filter\u2019s":[151],"result":[152],"accumulates":[154],"resulting":[156],"voltage":[157],"on":[158],"addition,":[161],"employs":[165],"novel":[167],"charge-sharing":[168],"technique":[169],"negative":[172],"results.":[174],"We":[175],"an":[177,225,229,257,270,276,308,330],"analog":[178,207,226,298,319],"max-pooling":[179],"instantly":[182],"selects":[183],"maximum":[185],"voltage.":[187],"To":[188],"demonstrate":[189,302],"performance":[191],"operator,":[197],"implemented":[199,240,295],"consisting":[204],"3":[206,215,217],"operators,":[209],"each":[211],"\u00d7":[216],"kernel.":[218],"This":[219],"contains":[221],"27":[222],"circuits,":[224],"max-pooling,":[227],"analog-to-digital":[230],"(ADC)":[232],"circuit.":[233],"is":[239,294],"using":[241],"CMOS":[243],"55":[244],"nm":[245],"process,":[246],"which":[247],"occupies":[248],"silicon":[250],"0.0559":[253],"mm2":[254],"consumes":[256],"average":[258],"540.6":[261],"\u03bcW.":[262],"offers":[269],"reduction":[272,278],"84.21%":[274],"energy":[277],"91.85%":[280],"compared":[281],"chip.":[288],"Moreover,":[289],"another":[290],"more":[297],"operation":[304],"structure":[306],"example":[309],"layer":[311],"model.":[315],"Therefore,":[316],"can":[322],"be":[323],"adapted":[324],"in":[325],"various":[326],"models":[328],"alternative":[331],"counterparts.":[334]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
