{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4389223603","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23239552","title":"Enhanced GNSS Reliability on High-Dynamic Platforms: A Comparative Study of Multi-Frequency, Multi-Constellation Signals in Jamming Environments","display_name":"Enhanced GNSS Reliability on High-Dynamic Platforms: A Comparative Study of Multi-Frequency, Multi-Constellation Signals in Jamming Environments","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4389223603","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23239552","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38067926"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23239552","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23239552","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/23/9552/pdf?version=1701422713","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/23/9552/pdf?version=1701422713","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072165681","display_name":"Abdelsatar Elmezayen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2707-8823"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21376657","display_name":"Tanta University","ror":"https://ror.org/016jp5b92","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21376657"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51768193","display_name":"Royal Military College of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/04yr71909","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51768193"]}],"countries":["CA","EG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Abdelsatar Elmezayen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, ON K7K 7B4, Canada","Public Works Engineering Department, Tanta University, Tanta 31552, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2707-8823","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, ON K7K 7B4, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51768193"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Public Works Engineering Department, Tanta University, Tanta 31552, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21376657"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024596637","display_name":"Malek Karaim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2897-1330"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51768193","display_name":"Royal Military College of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/04yr71909","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51768193"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Malek Karaim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, ON K7K 7B4, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2897-1330","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, ON K7K 7B4, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51768193"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076701613","display_name":"Haidy Elghamrawy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7238-4985"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51768193","display_name":"Royal Military College of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/04yr71909","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51768193"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haidy Elghamrawy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, ON K7K 7B4, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7238-4985","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, ON K7K 7B4, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51768193"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091253792","display_name":"Aboelmagd Noureldin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6614-7783"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204722609","display_name":"Queen's University","ror":"https://ror.org/02y72wh86","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51768193","display_name":"Royal Military College of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/04yr71909","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51768193"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aboelmagd Noureldin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Queen\u2019s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada","Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, ON K7K 7B4, Canada","Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6614-7783","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Queen\u2019s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, ON K7K 7B4, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51768193"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5072165681"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21376657","https://openalex.org/I51768193"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":3.098,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93182657,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"23","first_page":"9552","last_page":"9552"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10159","display_name":"Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics","score":0.9890999794006348,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11325","display_name":"Inertial Sensor and Navigation","score":0.9883000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.9187029004096985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glonass","display_name":"GLONASS","score":0.8306251168251038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.7189550399780273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jamming","display_name":"Jamming","score":0.6379231214523315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6126313209533691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/galileo","display_name":"Galileo (satellite navigation)","score":0.5749928951263428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gps-signals","display_name":"GPS signals","score":0.5297204852104187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-augmentation","display_name":"GNSS augmentation","score":0.5003635883331299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-navigation","display_name":"Satellite navigation","score":0.5000941753387451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constellation","display_name":"Constellation","score":0.45097750425338745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.33338239789009094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.32815128564834595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.32281380891799927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2806350588798523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/assisted-gps","display_name":"Assisted GPS","score":0.2741848826408386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2096635401248932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.12422195076942444}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.9187029004096985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102451475","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486250","display_name":"GLONASS","level":4,"score":0.8306251168251038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.7189550399780273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779079576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17092823","display_name":"Jamming","level":2,"score":0.6379231214523315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6126313209533691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177219330","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193902","display_name":"Galileo (satellite navigation)","level":2,"score":0.5749928951263428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12957241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15903792","display_name":"GPS signals","level":4,"score":0.5297204852104187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166212672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165162","display_name":"GNSS augmentation","level":4,"score":0.5003635883331299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36301306","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179435","display_name":"Satellite navigation","level":3,"score":0.5000941753387451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70352696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8928","display_name":"Constellation","level":2,"score":0.45097750425338745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.33338239789009094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.32815128564834595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.32281380891799927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2806350588798523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198613851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q432394","display_name":"Assisted GPS","level":3,"score":0.2741848826408386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2096635401248932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.12422195076942444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23239552","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23239552","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/23/9552/pdf?version=1701422713","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38067926","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38067926","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10708587","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10708587","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10708587/pdf/sensors-23-09552.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7bc71e4f55e44dad96aea24c69d88cc7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/7bc71e4f55e44dad96aea24c69d88cc7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 23, p 9552 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23239552","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23239552","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/23/9552/pdf?version=1701422713","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3525686075","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RGPIN-2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5986929652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ALLRP-560898-20","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4389223603.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2094280389","https://openalex.org/W2318267454","https://openalex.org/W2473406926","https://openalex.org/W2795647269","https://openalex.org/W2891002890","https://openalex.org/W2998786131","https://openalex.org/W3006550473","https://openalex.org/W3033013509","https://openalex.org/W3034539604","https://openalex.org/W3037239939","https://openalex.org/W3119052781","https://openalex.org/W3128391467","https://openalex.org/W3131772541","https://openalex.org/W3169839472","https://openalex.org/W3191719027","https://openalex.org/W3210119187","https://openalex.org/W4211193740","https://openalex.org/W4226293621","https://openalex.org/W4320484866","https://openalex.org/W4320484869","https://openalex.org/W4366595797"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2111396174","https://openalex.org/W2061936046","https://openalex.org/W2900553670","https://openalex.org/W2159868000","https://openalex.org/W2356979308","https://openalex.org/W2944366998","https://openalex.org/W4387400587","https://openalex.org/W2910941886","https://openalex.org/W2296074696","https://openalex.org/W2034401736"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,33,184],"global":[1,81],"navigation":[2,65,82],"satellite":[3,83],"system":[4,84],"(GNSS)":[5,85],"signals":[6,37,86,120,148,173,211],"are":[7],"vulnerable":[8],"to":[9,59,67,87,96,196,215],"disruption":[10],"sources,":[11],"such":[12,42,133],"as":[13,43,134],"signal":[14,68,127,159,182],"jamming.":[15,69],"This,":[16],"in":[17],"turn,":[18],"can":[19],"cause":[20],"severe":[21],"degradation":[22],"or":[23],"discontinuities":[24],"of":[25,35,51,63,77,110,113,116,142,153,206],"the":[26,49,57,61,75,111,114,137,140,154,177,188,204],"GNSS-based":[27,64],"position,":[28],"navigation,":[29],"and":[30,45,79,145,157,161,169,179,209,219,226],"timing":[31],"services.":[32],"availability":[34],"multi-frequency":[36,54,78,117],"from":[38],"multi-constellation":[39,80,118],"GNSS":[40,119,123,181],"systems,":[41],"Galileo":[44],"GLONASS,":[46],"along":[47],"with":[48,53],"modernization":[50],"GPS":[52,189],"signals,":[55],"has":[56],"potential":[58],"increase":[60],"immunity":[62],"systems":[66],"Despite":[70],"various":[71],"studies":[72],"completed":[73],"on":[74,149],"utilization":[76],"resist":[88],"receiver":[89],"jamming,":[90],"there":[91],"is":[92],"still":[93],"an":[94,107],"urge":[95],"further":[97],"investigate":[98],"this":[99],"concern":[100],"under":[101,199],"different":[102],"circumstances.":[103],"This":[104],"paper":[105],"presents":[106],"experimental":[108],"evaluation":[109],"advantages":[112],"employment":[115],"for":[121,130],"better":[122],"receivers'":[124],"performance":[125,195],"during":[126,223],"jamming":[128,147,201,228],"situations":[129],"high-dynamic":[131],"platforms":[132],"aircraft/drones.":[135],"Additionally,":[136],"study":[138],"examines":[139],"effects":[141],"both":[143,224],"simulated":[144],"real":[146],"all":[150],"possible":[151],"combinations":[152],"GPS,":[155,207],"Galileo,":[156,208],"GLONASS":[158,210],"frequencies":[160],"constellations.":[162],"Two":[163],"airplane":[164],"trajectory":[165],"routes":[166],"were":[167,174],"built,":[168],"their":[170],"corresponding":[171],"RF":[172],"generated":[175],"using":[176],"Spirent":[178],"Orolia":[180],"simulators.":[183],"results":[185],"indicated":[186],"that":[187],"multi-frequency-based":[190],"solution":[191,222],"maintains":[192],"reliable":[193],"positioning":[194,221],"some":[197],"extent":[198],"low":[200,225],"scenarios.":[202,229],"However,":[203],"combination":[205],"proved":[212],"its":[213],"ability":[214],"provide":[216],"a":[217],"continuous":[218],"accurate":[220],"high":[227]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-22T08:00:12.763002","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
