{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4389226268","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23239550","title":"Improved Frequency Sweep Keying CDMA Using Faster R-CNN for Extended Ultrasonic Crosstalk Reduction","display_name":"Improved Frequency Sweep Keying CDMA Using Faster R-CNN for Extended Ultrasonic Crosstalk Reduction","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4389226268","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23239550","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38067923"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23239550","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23239550","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/23/9550/pdf?version=1701419428","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/23/9550/pdf?version=1701419428","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031326652","display_name":"Ga-Rin Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8379-1754"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4921948","display_name":"Pusan National University","ror":"https://ror.org/01an57a31","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4921948"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ga-Rin Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electric and Electronic Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8379-1754","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electric and Electronic Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4921948"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100681609","display_name":"Sang-Ho Park","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4921948","display_name":"Pusan National University","ror":"https://ror.org/01an57a31","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4921948"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sang-Ho Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electric and Electronic Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6380-301X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electric and Electronic Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4921948"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035906745","display_name":"Kwang\u2010Ryul Baek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2928-2043"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4921948","display_name":"Pusan National University","ror":"https://ror.org/01an57a31","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4921948"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kwang-Ryul Baek","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2928-2043","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4921948"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5035906745"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4921948"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.1874,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.52965686,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"23","first_page":"9550","last_page":"9550"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11698","display_name":"Underwater Acoustics Research","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demodulation","display_name":"Demodulation","score":0.760249137878418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-shift-keying","display_name":"Frequency-shift keying","score":0.6462688446044922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6050684452056885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/keying","display_name":"Keying","score":0.6004636287689209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.5546836853027344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ultrasonic-sensor","display_name":"Ultrasonic sensor","score":0.5479568839073181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase-shift-keying","display_name":"Phase-shift keying","score":0.5399807095527649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/minimum-shift-keying","display_name":"Minimum-shift keying","score":0.43488430976867676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bit-error-rate","display_name":"Bit error rate","score":0.29946979880332947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.25636520981788635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2372572124004364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.18412038683891296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.13674002885818481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.13465186953544617}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195251586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1185939","display_name":"Demodulation","level":3,"score":0.760249137878418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163996819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1166054","display_name":"Frequency-shift keying","level":4,"score":0.6462688446044922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6050684452056885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776542216","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6398306","display_name":"Keying","level":2,"score":0.6004636287689209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.5546836853027344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81288441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20736125","display_name":"Ultrasonic sensor","level":2,"score":0.5479568839073181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186378180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4874866","display_name":"Phase-shift keying","level":4,"score":0.5399807095527649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55857970","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4156818","display_name":"Minimum-shift keying","level":5,"score":0.43488430976867676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56296756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840922","display_name":"Bit error rate","level":3,"score":0.29946979880332947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.25636520981788635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2372572124004364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.18412038683891296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.13674002885818481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.13465186953544617}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23239550","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23239550","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/23/9550/pdf?version=1701419428","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38067923","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38067923","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10708799","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10708799","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10708799/pdf/sensors-23-09550.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:131a40bee5634f969957a9d0f8d2b377","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/131a40bee5634f969957a9d0f8d2b377","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 23, p 9550 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23239550","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23239550","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/23/9550/pdf?version=1701419428","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4389226268.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1654823276","https://openalex.org/W1839610612","https://openalex.org/W1960594890","https://openalex.org/W1971114551","https://openalex.org/W1983044590","https://openalex.org/W1989497967","https://openalex.org/W2023186665","https://openalex.org/W2025077921","https://openalex.org/W2030434882","https://openalex.org/W2052701049","https://openalex.org/W2107165366","https://openalex.org/W2125322593","https://openalex.org/W2149790684","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2287325565","https://openalex.org/W2341763159","https://openalex.org/W2472524214","https://openalex.org/W2610163782","https://openalex.org/W2613718673","https://openalex.org/W2741913599","https://openalex.org/W2804555486","https://openalex.org/W2890842025","https://openalex.org/W2910371141","https://openalex.org/W2920840029","https://openalex.org/W2942137712","https://openalex.org/W2946408645","https://openalex.org/W2965614023","https://openalex.org/W2979464065","https://openalex.org/W3000350835","https://openalex.org/W3088622540","https://openalex.org/W3100716299","https://openalex.org/W3115254750","https://openalex.org/W3155279224","https://openalex.org/W3166101690","https://openalex.org/W4210448693","https://openalex.org/W4220816894","https://openalex.org/W4282557733","https://openalex.org/W4285032097","https://openalex.org/W4293202920","https://openalex.org/W4306687089","https://openalex.org/W4311984791","https://openalex.org/W4312212283","https://openalex.org/W4383503064","https://openalex.org/W6682067300","https://openalex.org/W6696456900","https://openalex.org/W6783253671","https://openalex.org/W6787850813","https://openalex.org/W6795743818"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2537932844","https://openalex.org/W2040451141","https://openalex.org/W2023235564","https://openalex.org/W2383799194","https://openalex.org/W2364540838","https://openalex.org/W4290710600","https://openalex.org/W2529335802","https://openalex.org/W2391442751","https://openalex.org/W1999832527","https://openalex.org/W1489774986"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Ultrasonic":[0],"sensors":[1,23],"are":[2],"inexpensive":[3],"and":[4,56,74,105,129,143,180,183,199],"provide":[5,70],"highly":[6],"accurate":[7],"measurements,":[8],"even":[9,139],"with":[10,98,140],"simple":[11],"hardware":[12],"configurations,":[13],"facilitating":[14],"their":[15],"use":[16],"in":[17,25,205],"various":[18,102,206],"fields.":[19],"When":[20],"multiple":[21],"ultrasonic":[22,116],"exist":[24],"the":[26,85,99,107,133,154,163,171,178,187,196],"measurement":[27],"space,":[28],"crosstalk":[29,117],"occurs":[30],"due":[31],"to":[32,37,69,83,122,149,202],"other":[33,48,54],"nodes,":[34,49],"which":[35],"leads":[36],"incorrect":[38],"measurements.":[39],"Crosstalk":[40],"includes":[41],"not":[42,167],"only":[43],"receiving":[44],"homogeneous":[45],"signals":[46,55,104,109,182],"from":[47],"but":[50],"also":[51],"overlapping":[52],"by":[53,58,88,94,159],"interference":[57,86],"heterogeneous":[59,89,169],"signals.":[60,90,189],"This":[61],"paper":[62],"proposes":[63],"using":[64,110],"frequency":[65,151],"sweep":[66,152],"keying":[67,124,127,131],"modulation":[68],"robustness":[71],"against":[72,146],"overlap":[73],"a":[75],"faster":[76],"region-based":[77],"convolutional":[78],"neural":[79],"network":[80],"(R-CNN)":[81],"demodulator":[82,92],"reduce":[84],"caused":[87],"The":[91,190],"works":[93],"training":[95],"Faster":[96,111],"R-CNN":[97],"spectrograms":[100],"of":[101,177,186],"received":[103,108],"classifying":[106],"R-CNN.":[112],"Experiments":[113],"implementing":[114],"an":[115],"environment":[118],"showed":[119],"that,":[120],"compared":[121],"on-off":[123],"(OOK),":[125],"phase-shift":[126],"(PSK),":[128],"frequency-shift":[130],"(FSK),":[132],"proposed":[134,172,191],"method":[135,173,192],"can":[136],"implement":[137],"CDMA":[138],"shorter":[141],"codes":[142],"is":[144,200],"robust":[145],"overlap.":[147],"Compared":[148],"correlation-based":[150],"keying,":[153],"time-of-flight":[155],"error":[156],"was":[157],"reduced":[158],"approximately":[160,175,184],"75%.":[161],"While":[162],"existing":[164,197],"demodulators":[165],"did":[166],"consider":[168],"signals,":[170],"ignored":[174],"99%":[176],"OOK":[179],"PSK":[181],"79%":[185],"FSK":[188],"performed":[193],"better":[194],"than":[195],"methods":[198],"expected":[201],"be":[203],"used":[204],"applications.":[207]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}