{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4389193434","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23239533","title":"Dense Space-Division Multiplexing Exploiting Multi-Ring Perfect Vortex","display_name":"Dense Space-Division Multiplexing Exploiting Multi-Ring Perfect Vortex","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-11-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4389193434","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23239533","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38067905"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23239533","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23239533","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/23/9533/pdf?version=1701345675","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/23/9533/pdf?version=1701345675","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100381443","display_name":"Xing Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9685-2862"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94611258","display_name":"Hebei Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/004rbbw49","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94611258"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xing Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Physics, Hebei Key Laboratory of Photophysics Research and Application, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Physics, Hebei Key Laboratory of Photophysics Research and Application, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94611258"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065139206","display_name":"Duo Deng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1691-7043"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94611258","display_name":"Hebei Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/004rbbw49","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94611258"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Duo Deng","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Physics, Hebei Key Laboratory of Photophysics Research and Application, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Physics, Hebei Key Laboratory of Photophysics Research and Application, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94611258"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073420922","display_name":"Zhenjun Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0828-1698"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94611258","display_name":"Hebei Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/004rbbw49","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94611258"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenjun Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Physics, Hebei Key Laboratory of Photophysics Research and Application, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Physics, Hebei Key Laboratory of Photophysics Research and Application, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94611258"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006578630","display_name":"Yan Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9670-6339"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Optoelectronics Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai 264209, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Optoelectronics Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai 264209, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5065139206"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94611258"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.0074,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75870066,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"23","first_page":"9533","last_page":"9533"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10490","display_name":"Orbital Angular Momentum in Optics","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10490","display_name":"Orbital Angular Momentum in Optics","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.986299991607666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10245","display_name":"Metamaterials and Metasurfaces Applications","score":0.982699990272522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2504","display_name":"Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiplexing","display_name":"Multiplexing","score":0.6679288744926453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.5879294872283936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-communication","display_name":"Optical communication","score":0.576911449432373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.5701483488082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.532114565372467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/free-space-optical-communication","display_name":"Free-space optical communication","score":0.5096368789672852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/angular-momentum","display_name":"Angular momentum","score":0.5006067752838135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-vortex","display_name":"Optical vortex","score":0.45408231019973755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modulation","display_name":"Modulation (music)","score":0.453361839056015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vortex","display_name":"Vortex","score":0.42113563418388367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase","display_name":"Phase (matter)","score":0.4178963303565979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topology","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","score":0.37584540247917175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.31725889444351196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3036874532699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2072277069091797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beam","display_name":"Beam (structure)","score":0.19316312670707703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.13723033666610718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.10490357875823975}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19275194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q222903","display_name":"Multiplexing","level":2,"score":0.6679288744926453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.5879294872283936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129404179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1469765","display_name":"Optical communication","level":2,"score":0.576911449432373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.5701483488082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.532114565372467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197000039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2027432","display_name":"Free-space optical communication","level":3,"score":0.5096368789672852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155675718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161254","display_name":"Angular momentum","level":2,"score":0.5006067752838135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130404759","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2077002","display_name":"Optical vortex","level":3,"score":0.45408231019973755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.453361839056015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140820882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q732722","display_name":"Vortex","level":2,"score":0.42113563418388367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44280652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104837","display_name":"Phase (matter)","level":2,"score":0.4178963303565979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.37584540247917175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.31725889444351196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3036874532699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2072277069091797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168834538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3705329","display_name":"Beam (structure)","level":2,"score":0.19316312670707703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.13723033666610718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.10490357875823975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23239533","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23239533","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/23/9533/pdf?version=1701345675","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38067905","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38067905","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10708680","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10708680","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10708680/pdf/sensors-23-09533.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:14129d79e2bc4f8a851b9f4bea8515ab","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/14129d79e2bc4f8a851b9f4bea8515ab","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 23, p 9533 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23239533","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23239533","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/23/9533/pdf?version=1701345675","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.7300000190734863}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1720939463","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"12304320","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2689927718","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"L2023B07","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7919628767","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"QN2023038","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4389193434.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1869049071","https://openalex.org/W1963561884","https://openalex.org/W1994442356","https://openalex.org/W2013674306","https://openalex.org/W2029064231","https://openalex.org/W2059705180","https://openalex.org/W2064371338","https://openalex.org/W2069505889","https://openalex.org/W2094055587","https://openalex.org/W2104751855","https://openalex.org/W2253250602","https://openalex.org/W2335287541","https://openalex.org/W2475849091","https://openalex.org/W2481915059","https://openalex.org/W2509172014","https://openalex.org/W2555440663","https://openalex.org/W2577328945","https://openalex.org/W2596080116","https://openalex.org/W2746554592","https://openalex.org/W2749109634","https://openalex.org/W2884093207","https://openalex.org/W2888802925","https://openalex.org/W2892185585","https://openalex.org/W2921308995","https://openalex.org/W2945917184","https://openalex.org/W2976466010","https://openalex.org/W2980662992","https://openalex.org/W3016038796","https://openalex.org/W3044102935","https://openalex.org/W3049603091","https://openalex.org/W3095128015","https://openalex.org/W3102897880","https://openalex.org/W3114488051","https://openalex.org/W3132202228","https://openalex.org/W3136098820","https://openalex.org/W3161116924","https://openalex.org/W3186338254","https://openalex.org/W3193296375","https://openalex.org/W3199063163","https://openalex.org/W3209412621","https://openalex.org/W4210934267","https://openalex.org/W4220869410","https://openalex.org/W4226250436","https://openalex.org/W4226284361","https://openalex.org/W4229369696","https://openalex.org/W4283767600","https://openalex.org/W4289535442","https://openalex.org/W4292457521","https://openalex.org/W4295788774","https://openalex.org/W4309078924","https://openalex.org/W4317905941","https://openalex.org/W4377107277","https://openalex.org/W4378628135","https://openalex.org/W4379877963","https://openalex.org/W4380319439","https://openalex.org/W6840537188"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1532946029","https://openalex.org/W4301737989","https://openalex.org/W2046740765","https://openalex.org/W2075059910","https://openalex.org/W2030244605","https://openalex.org/W2149438052","https://openalex.org/W2328297672","https://openalex.org/W2289660259","https://openalex.org/W4285521358","https://openalex.org/W3146825638"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Vortex":[0],"beams":[1,129],"carrying":[2],"orbital":[3],"angular":[4],"momentum":[5],"(OAM)":[6],"have":[7],"gained":[8],"much":[9],"interest":[10],"in":[11,112,144],"optical":[12,77,206],"communications":[13,78],"because":[14],"they":[15],"can":[16,148,179],"be":[17,149,180],"used":[18,37],"to":[19,64],"expand":[20],"the":[21,29,33,45,67,120,131,140,163,169,173,177,188,197,210],"number":[22,34],"of":[23,35,74,83,119,133,159,176,190,213],"multiplexing":[24,61],"channels":[25,125,147,175],"and":[26,50,70,109,139,168,194],"greatly":[27],"improve":[28],"transmission":[30,68,71],"capacity.":[31],"However,":[32],"states":[36],"for":[38],"OAM-based":[39],"communication":[40,207],"is":[41,95],"generally":[42],"limited":[43,191],"by":[44],"imperfect":[46],"OAM":[47,84,128,141,195],"generation,":[48],"transmission,":[49],"demultiplexing":[51],"methods.":[52],"In":[53],"this":[54],"work,":[55],"we":[56],"proposed":[57,93,198],"a":[58,80,87,98,113,153],"dense":[59],"space-division":[60],"(DSDM)":[62],"scheme":[63],"further":[65],"increase":[66],"capacity":[69,72],"density":[73],"free":[75],"space":[76,193,211],"with":[79],"small":[81],"range":[82],"modes":[85],"exploiting":[86,201,209],"multi-ring":[88],"perfect":[89],"vortex":[90],"(MRPV).":[91],"The":[92,116,157],"MRPV":[94,121,164,178,202],"generated":[96],"using":[97,152],"pixel":[99],"checkerboard":[100],"complex":[101],"amplitude":[102,108],"modulation":[103],"method":[104],"that":[105,126,172],"simultaneously":[106],"encodes":[107],"phase":[110],"information":[111],"phase-only":[114],"hologram.":[115],"four":[117,174],"rings":[118],"are":[122],"mutually":[123],"independent":[124],"transmit":[127],"under":[130,183],"condition":[132,189],"occupying":[134],"only":[135],"one":[136],"spatial":[137,146],"position,":[138],"mode":[142],"transmitted":[143],"these":[145],"efficiently":[150],"demodulated":[151],"multilayer":[154],"annular":[155],"aperture.":[156],"effect":[158],"atmospheric":[160],"turbulence":[161,185],"on":[162],"was":[165],"also":[166],"analyzed,":[167],"results":[170],"showed":[171],"effectively":[181],"separated":[182],"weak":[184],"conditions.":[186],"Under":[187],"available":[192],"states,":[196],"DSDM":[199],"strategy":[200],"might":[203],"inspire":[204],"wide":[205],"applications":[208],"dimension":[212],"light":[214],"beams.":[215]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}